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1. Kaić Z. The Development of Dental Medicine in Croatia. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):5-28.
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   Title in English:	The Development of Dental Medicine in Croatia
   Title in Croatian:	Razvoj stomatologije u Hrvatskoj
   Type of Article:	review
   MeSH:	HISTORY OF DENTISTRY
   Abstract:	The roots of modern dental medicine, as a scientific medical branch, go back to 1728, when Pierre Fauchard published his paper entitled “Le chirurgien dentists où traité des dents”. Diseases of the oral cavity, particularly diseases of the teeth, have plagued man from his very beginning, as have attempts to treat diseases of the mouth and teeth. Dental medicine in Croatia developed in a similar way to other European countries, and in accordance with the social and material conditions in the country. As early as the 13th century coastal towns had services with permanent physicians physics, surgeons, pharmacists and barbers (lower surgeons). In 1777 Dubrovnik was first to establish a dental-medical service as a separate branch of general health protection.Dental medicine developed later in the interior of Croatia. For example, in Zagreb at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century one could come across people engaged exclusively in dentistry, and in the 19th century a town dentist was appointed. At that time foreigners carried out the work of educated dentists, and it was individual, independent and based on profit.With effect from the 1920s the public service of dental medicine rapidly developed (school, town and national polyclinics). In large centres (Osijek, Split, Rijeka and Zagreb) polyclinics were founded, and in Zagreb, in 1931, a Dental Clinic. In 1959, it was possible to specialise in two branches of dental medicine in Croatia. Today dentists can specialise in eight branches. The need for permanent training should be stressed, which is included in the Law on Health.The prevalence of diseases of the mouth, oral cavity, teeth and jaws in Croatia is high. At the beginning of 1979 International Classification of Disease in Dental Medicine (ICDD) was introduced in Croatia for a determined number of diseases (dental caries, periodontopathy, orthodontic anomalies, malignant tumours of the mouth, cleft palate ...)Education in dental medicine commenced in 1922 with the establishment of the Department of Dental Medicine and Dentistry at the Medical School in Zagreb, with the first teacher, Eduard Radoπević. Although founded in 1931 the Dental Clinic actually opened in 1939 in a newly erected building at Široki brijeg, Šalata, with Ivo Čupar as Head. He was Head of the Dental Clinic for thirty years. In 1945 the Higher Dental School was founded in Split and in 1947 a similar school in Zagreb. In 1948 the Odontological Section was established at the School of Medicine in Zagreb, which later became the independent School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb in 1962. The first Dean of the School was Živko Bolf. In 1973 the study of dental medicine was established within the framework of the Medical Faculty in Rijeka. Scientific-research in dental medicine has continued for more than 100 years. Initially by individuals, today the increased number of investigators has created a critical mass for the establishment of a Centre for Interdisciplinary Activity in Dental Medicine.The written word has been present for decades in journals (Folia stomatologica, which sadly ceased to be published in 1950, Acta Stomatologica Croatia, with effect from 1966 and the Croatian Dental Herald since1993) and in numerous scripts, manuals, textbooks and more recently the Internet pages.The social organisation of the profession started in 1903 with the founding of the Society of Croatian Dentists. Today we have the Croatian Dental Society and several specialist societies within the framework of the Croatian Medical Association, and with effect from 1995 the Croatian Dental Chamber. Following the founding of the independent School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb in 1962 the structure of highly educated staff in dental medicine improved in Croatia, and during the 1960s and 1970s there was a significant “export” of dentists to European countries (e.g. Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland).Today, unfortunately, we still cannot claim a significant reduction in dental caries and its consequences in the population of Croatia.

2. Knezović-Zlatarić D, Čelebić A, Milat O. Bone Densitometry Study of Mandibular Desity Using Dental Panoramic Radiographs. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):29-37.
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   Title in English:	Bone Densitometry Study of Mandibular Desity Using Dental Panoramic Radiographs
   Title in Croatian:	Denzitometrijska procjena gustoće mandibularne kosti na ortopantomogramima
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	DENSITOMETRY BONE AND BONES RADIOGRAPHY, PANORAMIC
   Abstract:	The precision of the method of microdensitometry on panoramic radiographs (PR), using a five step copper stepwedge, was examined. Two PRs, one after the other, were made for each of the six examined patients. All the PRs were digitised. Gray levels were measured on the stepwedge and on the region of the interest. Measured gray level values were expressed in equivalents of the stepwedge thickness using 3rd degree polynomial. Comparing the values of the equivalents in the region of interest on the first and the second digitised image of the same patient, the differences were within 10%. The results revealed that the method detects mineral bone changes, which surpass more than 10% of the density on PR.

3. Knežević P, Uglešić V, Jokić D. Quality of Life Assessment for Intraoral Reconstruction. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):39-50.
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   Title in English:	Quality of Life Assessment for Intraoral Reconstruction
   Title in Croatian:	Vrjednovanje kakvoće života nakon intraoralne rekonstrukcije
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	SURGICAL FLAPS QUALITY OF LIFE
   Abstract:	The aim of the investigation was to compare the three most commonly used methods of reconstruction of the oral cavity in the University Hospital “Dubrava”, after resection of intraoral carcinoma. In a group of 50 patients, with no statistically significant differences with regard to the stage of disease, local flaps (19 patients), regional pectoralis major flap (11 patients) and free forearm flap (20 patients) were compared. A clinical questionnaire was prepared for evaluation of the success of reconstruction, consisting of two parts. The first part of the questionnaire contained general information on the patient and data on the tumour. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of questions on postoperative functional and aesthetic results. Apart from comparison of the three methods of reconstruction, we also investigated on a sample of 55 patients which parameters were most important for the success of the reconstruction and whether and in what way reconstruction has an effect on postoperative quality of life on a sample of 55 patients. Analysis of the obtained data indicated that none of the three methods of reconstruction were superior in all parameters compared to the other two methods. Free forearm flap did not statistically significantly show the expected theoretic advantage over the regional pectoralis major flap, although it scored higher in almost all parameters. The stage of the disease and extent of resection are the most significant parameters for postoperative result of reconstruction, regardless of the type of flap.

4. Lapter M, Vlašić D, Meštrović S, Anić-Milošević S. Cephalometric Evaluation of the Incisor Position in Subjects with Angle Class ll/1 and ll/2. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):51-60.
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   Title in English:	Cephalometric Evaluation of the Incisor Position in Subjects with Angle Class ll/1 and ll/2
   Title in Croatian:	Kefalometrijska procjena položaja inciziva u ispitanika s klasom II/1 i II/2 po Angle-u
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	CEPHALOMETRY INCISOR MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS I MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS II
   Abstract:	The aim of this study was to determine the mean values and standard deviations of variables that evaluate the inclination and position of incisors in patients with Angle Class II/1 and Class II/2; to determine the statistical significance between investigated variables among groups; and to point out the most significant variable for evaluating the difference between these Angle Classes. The sample consisted of 38 radiographs of patients with Angle Class II/1, and 35 radiographs of patients with Class II/2. The analysis comprised 10 variables: 1 : sp-pm, 1 : m-go, 1 : 1, Is : n-ss, Ii : n-sm, 1 : n-s, Is : A-Pog, Ii : A-Pog , 1 : n-A (°), 1: n-B (°). Means and standard deviations were determined for all variables, and Student t-test were performed to test the differences between investigated groups. It could be concluded that there is significant difference between all investigated variables between subjects with Angle Class II/1 and Class II/2 except for the variable Ii:n-sm. The main dentoalveolar characteristics of subjects with Angle Class II/1 are protrusion of upper and lower incisors in relation to their skeletal base, and protrusion of upper incisors in relation to the anterior cranial base, while Class II/2 patients exhibited retrusion of upper incisors in relation to the basal bone and to the anterior cranial base.

5. Jurić H, Škrinjarić I, Glavina D. Range of Dentocult Tests in Children Treated with Different Preventive Procedures for Plaque Control. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):61-70.
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   Title in English:	Range of Dentocult Tests in Children Treated with Different Preventive Procedures for Plaque Control
   Title in Croatian:	Vrijednosti Dentocult testova u djece nakon primjene raznih postupaka za kontrolu plaka
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	DENTAL PLAQUE CHILD STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS LACTOBACILLUS DENTAL CARIES + prevention & control
   Abstract:	Plaque amount and number of bacteria in whole saliva is directly connected with individual caries risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy of several preventive measures in reduction of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. and plaque control. The study comprised 54 subjects, aged 4-5 and 10-12 years, divided into 3 equal groups with 18 subjects each. Each group was treated with a different preventive agent. The first group with a solution of aminfluoride, the second with professional prophylactic paste and the third with the same paste and additional xylitol-fluoride containing chewing gum on a daily basis. Whole saliva samples and other data were collected 5 times. The first time before the preventive procedure, the second time 30 minutes after, the third time 7 days after, the fourth time 30 days after and the last time 60 days after the preventive procedure. After statistical analysis the following conclusions were made: professional prophylactic paste Proxyt shows high efficacy in a reduction of cariogenic microorganisms and plaque control in contrast to aminfluoride solution. The best results were obtained in the third group, which can be explained by the additional effect of chewing gum in bacteria and plaque reduction during the two months of the investigation.

6. Jukić J, Škrinjarić I, Glavina D, Ulovec Z. The Prevalence of Oral and Dental Anomalies in Children with Development Disturbances. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):71-83.
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   Title in English:	The Prevalence of Oral and Dental Anomalies in Children with Development Disturbances
   Title in Croatian:	Prevalencija oro-dentalnih anomalija u djece sa smetnjama u razvoju
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	TOOTH ABNORMALITIES DENTAL CARE FOR DISABLED DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
   Abstract:	The prevalence of oral and dental anomalies was assessed in children with developmental disturbances (DD). The study sample consisted of 606 children and young adults aged 5-20 years (303 DD and 303 control subjects). The group of DD children included 176 children with mental retardation (MR), 70 children with hearing impairment (HI), and 57 children with visual impairment (VI). The association of oral and dental anomalies with minor physical anomalies was studied. Significant differences were found between the two groups in the prevalence of oral and dental anomalies. Hypodontia was more common in DD children (9.2%) than in control subjects (2.0%) (p < 0.001). Median diastema was also more common in DD children than in control subjects (20.8% and 11.6%, respectively) (p < 0.002). The prevalence of maxillary labial frenum was higher in DD children (6.6%) than in control subjects (1.3%) (p < 0.001). Both groups showed a high association of labial frenum and median diastema. A significant association between hypodontia and microdontia was observed in control subjects. A high value of weighted Waldrop score (W) was obtained in the group of VI children. So, W was 6.00 in the group with microdontia, 5.43 in MR children with hypertrophic lingual frenum (ankyloglossia), 4.80 in HI children with dens invaginatus, and 4.45 in MR children with ankyloglossia. The high prevalence of oral and dental anomalies, and high weighted Waldrop score of minor anomalies in DD children suggests that developmental disturbances during early development in this group could be attributed to a common underlying factor.

7. Jakovac M, Živko-Babić J, Ćurković L, Pandurić J, Jerolimov V. Application of Spectrophotometry and Ion Chromatography for Monitoring the Chemical Stability of Dental Ceramics in an Acid Solution. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):85-96.
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   Title in English:	Application of Spectrophotometry and Ion Chromatography for Monitoring the Chemical Stability of Dental Ceramics in an Acid Solution
   Title in Croatian:	Određivanje kemijske stabilnosti dentalne keramike u kiselome mediju metodama spekrofotmetrije i ionske kromatografije
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	SPECTROPHOTOMETRY CHROMATOGRAPHY, ION EXCHANGE CERAMICS + chemistry
   Abstract:	The corrosive process of dental alloys is very well known, although little information is available on the corrosion of dental ceramics. The aim of this study was the analysis of the chemical stability of two dental ceramics in an aggressive acid medium. Two samples of feldspathic ceramic fused to Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloy and a sample of hydrothermal ceramic fused to high-noble gold alloy were deposited in 10-3 mol/L HCl at 50°C during six months. The solutions were analysed after one, two, three and six months. The determination of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ was performed by ion chromatography (IC), the quantities of the eluted Si4+ and Al3+ were determined by spectrophotometric method and the weight loss of each sample was measured by an analytical scale. The changes of the pH values were determined by means of a pH meter. The results showed that most ions were eluted after the first three months, while after that period of time elution was significantly lower in each sample. The sample with hydrothermal ceramic showed the most significant elution and the highest weight loss. The pH values changed in each leachate sample, but stabilised after the 3rd month of the investigation. It can be concluded that dental ceramics are not stable in an acid medium.

8. Thuer A, Bagatin M. Distraction Osteogenesis. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):97-105.
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   Title in English:	Distraction Osteogenesis
   Title in Croatian:	Distrakcijska osteogeneza kostiju lica
   Type of Article:	preliminary report
   MeSH:	OSTEOGENESIS, DISTRACTION
   Abstract:	Distraction osteogenesis is increasingly used for bone lengthening of facial skeleton. Distractors may be intraoral and extraoral. The authors present development of distractors and their use for treatment of facial bones. Procedure may be used for treatment of malformations, syndroms, posttraumatic bone defects and deformities. The advantage of a distractor are a simple and fast procedure, short period of hospitalization, procedure does not require bone grafts and enables simultaneous bone lengthening and lengthening of soft tissues.

9. Perić P, Perić B. Temporomandibular Arthritis in Association with Rheumatoid Arthritis - a Differential Diagnostic Approach to Temporomandibular Pain in Dental Practice. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):107-18.
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   Title in English:	Temporomandibular Arthritis in Association with Rheumatoid Arthritis - a Differential Diagnostic Approach to Temporomandibular Pain in Dental Practice
   Title in Croatian:	Temporomandibularni artritis u sklopu reumatoidnog artritisa - diferencijalnodijagnostički pristup temporomandibularnoj boli u stomatološkoj praksi
   Type of Article:	professional paper
   MeSH:	ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT + pathology FACIAL PAIN + diagnosis
   Abstract:	Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic disease, which often also affects temporomandibular joints. Occasionally such a sign may indicate the first symptom of the commencement of the disease. A dentist in practice can encounter such casuistics. The paper presents a review of symptoms and clinical signs manifesting in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, particularly in the area of the temporomandibular joint. Other differential diagnostic causes of pain in the area of temporomandibular joint are also mentioned.

10. Brkić H, Petrovečki V, Gusić S. Dental Identification of the Carbonized Body: Case Review. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):119-28.
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    Title in English:	Dental Identification of the Carbonized Body: Case Review
    Title in Croatian:	Dentalna identifikacija karboniziranog tijela: prikaz slučaja
    Type of Article:	professional paper
    MeSH:	FORENSIC DENTISTRY + methods DNA
    Abstract:	This paper presents a case of dental identification of a carbonized body in a traffic accident with a private vehicle. After the police inspection performed on the spot of the accident, the carbonized bodies were transported to the Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminology at the School of Medicine in Zagreb for indentification and determination of the cause of death. Dental identification was enabled by tracing the dental chart of the Croatian subject who had been a patient of the Dental Polyclinic in Zagreb. The dental chart of the foreign person was not available, which excluded the possibility of teeth comparison method. However identity was confirmed by DNA analysis from the pulp of the dental tissue.

11. Sokler K, Vuksan V, Lauc T. Treatment of Oroantral Fistula. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):129-40.
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    Title in English:	Treatment of Oroantral Fistula
    Title in Croatian:	Liječenje oroantralne fistule
    Type of Article:	review
    MeSH:	SURGICAL FLAPS OROANTRAL FISTULA
    Abstract:	The authors present the problems of oroantral fistula by reviewing the possibilities of surgical treatment. Known and less known operative methods are described and their advantages and disadvantages analysed. The object of this study is to remind the reader of the iatrogenic possibility of the occurrence of an antrooral communication and possibility of the development of a fistula and infection of the maxillary sinus, and to warn against unnecessary use of extreme surgical methods, which were once performed routinely. The result of treatment of antrooral communication should be the establishment of physiological functions of the stomatognathic and respiratory system with as little harm to the patient as possible.

12. Carek V. In memoriam Prof. Vladimir Lapter 1923-2002. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):141-3.
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    Title in English:	In memoriam Prof. Vladimir Lapter 1923-2002
    Title in Croatian:	In memoriam Prof. dr. sc. Vladimir Lapter 1923.-2002.
    Type of Article:	news
    MeSH:	HISTORY OF DENTISTRY DENTISTS PORTRAITS LAPTER, VLADIMIR
    Abstract:	Prof. Lapter was born on 21 April 1923 in Varaædin, where he attended primary and high school. In 1945 he enrolled at the School of Medicine University of Zagreb and graduated in 1952. After obligatory medical practice and fieldwork (1952-1954) he began specialising in dental medicine at the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery under Academician Prof. Ivo Čupar, and passed the specialist examination in 1957.In the autumn of the same year he started his academic career as Assistant in the Department of Orthodontics, where he worked until retirement. In 1964 he became Senior Lecturer after defending his thesis “The Effect of the Tongue on Development of the Maxilla and Dental Arch in Congenital Cleft”.

13. Cekić-Arambašin A. Prof. dr. Milutin Dobrenić. 85th birthday. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):143-4.
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    Title in English:	Prof. dr. Milutin Dobrenić. 85th birthday
    Title in Croatian:	Prof. dr. Milutin Dobrenić. 85. rođendan
    Type of Article:	news
    MeSH:	HISTORY OF DENTISTRY DENTISTS PORTRAITS DOBRENIC, MILUTIN
    Abstract:	On the 15th May 2002 Prof. Milutin Dobrenić will celebrate his 85th birthday. Prof. Dobrenić was for many years Head of the Department of Oral Pathology at the School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb and Director of the Department of Oral Diseases in the Dental Clinic at the University Hospital Centre in Zagreb. He is a Doctor of Philosophy and Medical Sciences. He started work in the dental profession in 1948, in the School Polyclinic in Zagreb as a professional collaborator and Assistant at the School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb, and as lecturer in the Department of Dental Pathology. As Head of the Department, he taught Oral Pathology as an Associate and Full Professor from 1962 to 1983, up until his retirement. He was the founder of contemporary clinical disciplines in Oral Pathology, which he headed up until his retirement.

14. Jerolimov V. DentEd Visitation of the School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(1):145-6.
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    Title in English:	DentEd Visitation of the School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb
    Title in Croatian:	DentEd vizitacija Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu
    Type of Article:	news
    MeSH:	FACULTY, DENTAL EDUCATION, DENTAL
    Abstract:	Among the countries of Europe greater or smaller differences exist with regard to teaching methods and the level of higher education. Such differences are in some areas very obvious, and indicate the need to take steps with a view to their reduction. To this end the European Union established a network of organisations and projects which operate in various branches of higher education: linguistics, technical professions, biomedicine, etc. Thus, some four years ago a project entitled DentEd (dental education) commenced, one of forty projects in the field of activity of the Administration for Education and Culture in the European Union, i.e. Erasmus/Socrates Office. Dent/Ed soon became one of the most active and best in this framework.