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1. Hamada T. Dentures for Elderly Persons - from Hard to Soft. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):310.
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   Title in English:	Dentures for Elderly Persons - from Hard to Soft
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	DENTURES GERIATRICS
   Abstract:	The oral condition of edentulous patients today appears to be different from that of 30 years ago. In particular, the alveolar bone is highly resorbed, the oral mucosa is thiner, and saliva flow and oral perception are deteriorating. About 30 years ago, it was proposed that soft denture base materials should be tisue-friendly, and in fact, a lot of products of this kind have come to meet this requirement. On the other hand, in clinics, rigid materials have been used in most cases because they have given a high priority to durability. This seemed appropriate as long as the patients are in good health. However, as the number of aged persons has increased, more and more patients have become unable to cope with the hard material. Under these circumstances, soft lining materials are highly desirable. This was previously commonly denied because of the poor quality of soft materials, -but, modern soft lining materials have recently become much better, so when they are used appropriately, they are much more effective then in the past. It is confirmed that the application of soft liners having viscoelastic properties would lead to the most marked improvement in masticatory function. The improvement in masticatory function compared with hard resin was found to be in the order: acrylic resilient>silicone resilient>acrylic tisue conditioner. The results suggest that the use of materials with higher tan δ (loss tangent, viscoelastic property) and G’ (shear storage modulus, hardness) provides the most optimum masticatory function for the patients requiring the provision of soft liner on their dentures. Our goal is to tansfer the dentures into the museumduring the 21st century. Until we achieve this, soft liners will fill gap between denture and tissue, and between satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the dentures. Although, it is true that edentulism is decreasing, I still believe as well that the soft option is useful and can help to satisfy edentulous patients for 2 or 3 more decades.

2. Okeson JP. Intracapsular TMJ Disorders: Diagnostic and Management Considerations. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):310.
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   Title in English:	Intracapsular TMJ Disorders: Diagnostic and Management Considerations
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT + pathology
   Abstract:	Temporomandibular disorders represents a large group of musculoskeletal conditions of the masticatory system. The two most common TM disorders are masticatory muscle pain doisorders and inracapsular pain disorders. This presentation will discuss the differential diagnosis and management of intracapsular pain disorders. Functional anatomy of the temporoandibular joint willbe reviewed first. This will be followed by a description of the various alterations that can occur in the TMJ and their associated symptoms. Included in this review will be the proper indications and uses of occlusal appliances as determined by the research data collected over the last 20 years. Successful management of intracapsular paindisorders can only bean once the clinician appreciates the various types of conditions that can occur in the TMJ as well as the natural course of these conditions.

3. Carlsson G. Occlussion and Other Factors of Importance for Temporomandibular Disorders/TMD. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):310-1.
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   Title in English:	Occlussion and Other Factors of Importance for Temporomandibular Disorders/TMD
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT + pathology DENTAL OCCLUSION
   Abstract:	The relationship between occlusal factors and the health of the masticatory system has been one of the most controversial areas in dentistry. For many years the dental profession believed that occlusal interferences would lead to TMD. However, this opinion has gradually weakened since there is a lack of convincing evidence supportingthis relationship. Several treatments not related to dental occlusion have also proved to be effective in management of TMD. At present, most so-called TMD experts deemphasize the importance of occlusion in the etiology of TMD, whereas a majority of practitioners still adhere to a concept focusing on occlusal factors in diagnosis and treatment of TMD. This controversy has sometimes become very dramatic, especially in the USA. It is well established that simple reversible therapy is efficient for helping a majority of TMD patients. Even if most studies have failed to find any close correlation betweenocclusal factors and TMD signs and symptoms, occlusion cannot be neglected as it plays an important role for comfort and function of the masticatory system. There is an obvious need for continuing research on the relationship between the occlusion and TMD using strict, evidencebased study methods in order to improve patient management. A search of the current literature on TMD willbe presented.

4. Rotgans J. Ceramic Reconstruction (CEREC) - an Ingenious Concept in Restorative Dentistry?. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):311.
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   Title in English:	Ceramic Reconstruction (CEREC) - an Ingenious Concept in Restorative Dentistry?
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	DENTISTRY, OPERATIVE CERAMICS + therapeutic use
   Abstract:	CEREC is a computerized method to produce ceramic reconstructions chairside. It had been developed in the Eighties by Professor Dr.med.dent. Werner H. Mörmann und Dr. sc. techn. El. Ing Marco Brandestini at the University of Zürich in Switzerland. The most actual version in the CEREC-Series is CEREC 3. It is a robot in whichCAD/CAM-techniques are applied and prefabricated dental materials (ceramics and polymers) are used. Target group are primarily dentists; since CEREC InLab is on the market dental technicians also.According to the general CEREC-principle, an optical impression is used as “worksheet” to construct every restoration in/on any single tooth - from a simple class I-or class V-restoration to any partial or full crown - in a very simple but sophisticated manner: The CEREC-user only has to design the so-called “bottom line”, all other constructions are generated automatically. Besides that everymodification may be introduced manually. The milling process is fully automatic. The restorations are adapted to the tooth structures by modern adhesive techniques. From survival analyses it could be shown, for example by the study of Reis and Walther (2000), that from 1,010 inlays which were applied to the posterior teeth in299 patients in a routine dental practice, after 9 -12 years the probability of success (calculated by Kaplan-Meier Analysis) decreased to 90% after 10 years (s = .018) and 85% after 11.8 years with no further loss until the 12-year termination point. Measuring parameter as inlay fracture, cusp fracture, new proximal lesion, recurrent caries, persistent hypersensitivity, endodontic complications, prosthetic and unknown causes (with replacement alioloco) respectively showed no significant difference in clinical success between maxillary and mandibulare teeth, neither between the sizes and the outlines of the restoration. However, premolars rated better than molars, vital teeth better than non-vital teeth. The application of dental adhesive techniques increased the probability of success.Only 81 (8%) failures were recorded, mainly due to fractures of the ceramic and tooth structure (50%). In summary, CEREC using simple but sophisticated hard- and software in combination with trustworthy modern dental materials is an ingenious and clinical reliableconcept in restorative dentistry with the potency of an enormous impact at high quality dentistry and dental education. Indeed, CEREC is an ingenious concept in restorative dentistry.

5. Vallittu PK. Fiber-Reinforced Composites - New Alternatives for Fixed Prosthodontics. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):311-2.
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   Title in English:	Fiber-Reinforced Composites - New Alternatives for Fixed Prosthodontics
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	DENTURE, PARTIAL, FIXED COMPOSITE RESINS
   Abstract:	Development of oral biomaterials has been focused on composites of various kinds. From the prosthodotic point of view, the most promising composites are fibre-reinforced composites (FRC). The use of FRCs in prosthodontics is rapidly growing at the moment and their applications are in FRC full coverage crown bridges, surfaceretained bridges, inlay retained bridges and in root canal posts. Interestingly, the currently available data of biomechanics and preliminary clinical findings suggest that combination of retentive / adhesive elements of different kind of bridges can now be combined to a single FRC bridge/restoration. By this, odontological and subjective needs of the patient toward fixed prosthetic therapy can better be taken into consideration. This treatment philosophy is called “the dynamic treatment approach”. Successful use of FRC in the dynamic treatment approach put some demands on FRC material. The use of FRC should be easy to use for dental technician and for dentist, the adhesional behaviour of FRC to composite resin luting cement should be good enough, and finally, the biomechanicalproperties of the FRC should correspond the needs of the masticatory system. Recent development in the field of dental FRC materials have been able to resolve many of the aforementioned questions. These aspects with clinical examples will be demonstrated in the lecture.

6. Arvidson-Fyrberg K. When and How Shall I Plan Dental and Prosthetic Treatment for the Elderly?. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):312.
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   Title in English:	When and How Shall I Plan Dental and Prosthetic Treatment for the Elderly?
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	DENTISTRY, OPERATIVE PROSTHODONTICS GERIATRICS
   Abstract:	The planning of dental and prosthetic treatment for the elderly requires knowledge of the patient’s oral and general health status as well as social orientation. As for most people, loss of teeth is associated with reduced quality of life. Thus, it must be of primary importance to prevent oral diseases leading to edentulism. However, due to medical, economic and social reasons, a conventional approach may not always be optimal. Scientific investigations and clinical experience confirm that treatment with implant-supported prosthesis is equally successful among the old as among younger patients. Good esthetics, chewing comfort and a minimum of future problems can be obtained by a treatment strategy based on timely intervention with implant-supported prosthesis.

7. Holm-Pedersen P. Gerodontology - Status and New Challenges. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):312.
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   Title in English:	Gerodontology - Status and New Challenges
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	GERIATRICS
   Abstract:	Changing demographics, which include a dramatic increase in the number of old and very old individuals have great implications for the health care professions. Further, the rates of edentulousness and tooth loss are rapidly declining. Consequently, the number of teeth at risk of developing unfavorable oral diseases is growing. As patients live longer with significant chronic systemic disease, and as more older people seek dental care, practitioners will increasingly encounter medically and functionally compromised individuals. Many recent studies have shown that systemic diseases, their treatments, and functional impairments have an impact on oral health and function and consequently on the quality of life of an older person. However, the interplay between general health and oral health is a two-way relationship. Oral infections, in particular periodontal disease, give rise to pathogens, which can become blood born or aspirated into the lungs, and which may cause serious, even life-threatening consequences. An understanding of the interplaybetween general and oral health is imperative, if oral health care is to have a reasonable chance of success. One of the major challenges facing the dental profession today is maintaining oral health and function into the oldestold years, especially in those elderly, who do not age successfully. Age alone, however, should have no influenceon the decision to treat or not to treat.

8. Vermylen Y. The Role of Prosthetic Dentistry in Mass Disaster Identification. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):312.
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   Title in English:	The Role of Prosthetic Dentistry in Mass Disaster Identification
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	FORENSIC DENTISTRY + methods DENTURE IDENTIFICATION MARKING
   Abstract:	Dentistry plays a very important role in the identification of the victims in mass disasters. More than 50% of the identification work is concluded by dental means and investigation. Prosthetic work, and especially full rehabilitations with dental implants, crowns and bridges,is very valuable for dental identification. The biggest problems, however, are full upper and lower dentures. Marking of dentures would be a very valuable aid in identification procedures and very easy to do at a law cost. The legal aspects of identification willbe explained, as well as the role of the forensic odontologist in the identification team.

9. Brkić H. The Significance of Prosthodontic Appliance in Identification of Human Remains in Croatia. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):312-3.
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   Title in English:	The Significance of Prosthodontic Appliance in Identification of Human Remains in Croatia
   Title in Croatian:	nema
   Type of Article:	congress abstract
   MeSH:	FORENSIC DENTISTRY + methods DENTURE IDENTIFICATION MARKING
   Abstract:	This paper reports the results of dental identification of 1200 human remains exhumed from mass graves in Croatia up to 2000. A total of 989 (82%) victims were positively identified, while 211 (18%) victims remained unidentified. Dental identification based on available dental ante mortem data was achieved in 25% of the cases. Dental identification based on dental charts was achieved in 35%, on x-rays in 15%, on photographs of teeth in 22%, on interviews in 18%, and on dental supports in 10% of the cases. Teeth, in combination with anthropological parameters - age, sex and height as well as with other specific characteristics such as tattoos, personal identificationcards, clothes, jewelry and DNA - were helpful for identification of 64% of victims, but their significance for the identification was not dominant. Only in 11% of the cases identification was achieved by other relevant means of identification and teeth were not used at all. Dental findings that were the most significant for the identificationswere prosthetic appliances in 30% of cases. Dentures were helpful in the identification of only 1% of the cases, while crowns and bridges were helpful in 29% of the cases. Non marked full dentures caused problems in the determination of identification..

10. Jagger RG. Effectiveness of Sports Mouthguards. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):313.
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    Title in English:	Effectiveness of Sports Mouthguards
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TOOTH INJURIES ATHLETIC INJURIES SPORTS MEDICINE
    Abstract:	Participants in a wide variety of sports commonly experience orofacial injuries. Dentists have a responsibility for both the treatment and prevention of these injuries. Equipment for the protection of the face and mouth includes facemasks and mouthguards.There are three broad categories of mouthguards:• Type 1 (Stock) mouthguards are purchased over the counter at sports shops;• Type 2 (Mouth-formed) mouthguards are purchased in the same way but are modified in the mouth to improve fit;• Type 3 (Custom-made) mouthguards are made in the laboratory on casts made from impressions of the mouth.Evidence suggests that mouthguards can help prevent damage to soft tissues and teeth and possibly prevent concussion. Custom-made mouthguards are the most retentive and are best tolerated. Incidents have been recorded when ill-fitting mouthguards have been dislodged and blocked the airway. Many claims have been made regarding the relative effectiveness of different types of mouthguards. The evidence for the relative effectiveness of different mouthguard materials and designs will be described. The available data from in-vitro and in-vivo investigations must be interpreted with caution There is a need for further scientific research to developoptimum protection for participants in sports.

11. Ranalli DN. Clinical and Laboratory Techniques for the Custom-Fabrication of Athletic Mouthguards. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):313.
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    Title in English:	Clinical and Laboratory Techniques for the Custom-Fabrication of Athletic Mouthguards
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TOOTH INJURIES ATHLETIC INJURIES SPORTS MEDICINE
    Abstract:	The efficacy of mouthguards for preventing sportsrelated traumatic oral injuries is well documented in those sports that mandate their use. There are three general categories of athletic mouthguards that currently are available. These include stock, mouth-formed and custom fabricated mouthguards made over a dental cast. Most mouthguards in each of these categories are made from ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA) material. Fabrication and design require professional services for impression taking and laboratory processing. Custom-fabricated mouthguards are, therefore, the most retentive. This presentation is designed to describe, in detail, clinical and laboratory procedures that are used to fabricate custom athletic mouthguards and will include the vacuum-forming technique and the heatpressure-lamination technique. Information on a new vacuum-pressure-lamination technique will be described as well as an experimental technique that utilizes photopolymerized urethane diacrylate. Several research topics for future investigation will be identified.

12. Polyzois G. Denture Repairs: Surveys, Methods and Trends. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):313-4.
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    Title in English:	Denture Repairs: Surveys, Methods and Trends
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE REPAIR
    Abstract:	Denture repairing is a very common practice encountered in everyday clinical removable prosthodontics. It may be consisted of fractured dentures, debonded or broken denture teeth etc. These may be due to intraoral fatigue failure of acrylic resin or the accidental dropping of dentures outside the mouth. The purpose of this presentation is under the lights of the best available evidence to identify first from surveys the most common and more imporantdenture repairing procedures. It well known that the purpose of repairing e.g. a fractured denture is to restore its strength at least to the original one. It seems in practice that it is not the fact. The most popular methods of repairing dentures will be analyzed regarding their strength and the attempts to enhance it through reiforcing materials like metal wires or fibers will be presented. Finally suggestions and thoughts for further investigations considering herecent available evidence will be discussed.

13. Welfare DR. Fibre - Gives Inner Strength to Patients and Their Dentures. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):314.
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    Title in English:	Fibre - Gives Inner Strength to Patients and Their Dentures
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE DESIGN DENTAL MATERIALS
    Abstract:	As soon as Methyl Methacrylate became “the” denture base material it became clear that it had a weakness and a tendency to fracture. In the early days “improvements” to tooth position were suggested as a way to prevent fractures. Soon various other ways were tried butthere were always problems. The search for an easy cheap way of strengthening “acrylic” has continued. This paper will look at the history of complete denture strength from the patient’s perspective and some of the techniques of denture base reinforcements that have been used over last 40 years. Will fibre help our dentures as much as it helps us?

14. Mericske-Stern R. Overdentures Versus Fixed Prostheses. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):314.
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    Title in English:	Overdentures Versus Fixed Prostheses
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE, OVERLAY DENTURE, PARTIAL, FIXED
    Abstract:	Two concepts of prosthetic restorations exist for the edentulous jaw: the fixed prosthesis (mostly screw retained) and the overdenture. It appears that overdentures are preferably placed in old patients and in compromised situations. Since the eighties, a series of studies - including longterm results - have demonstrated the reliability of treatment with fixed prostheses for the upper and lower jaw. An increasing number of studies on mandibular overdentures supported by only two implants give evidence of the effectiveness of this treatment modality. Comparable data for maxillary overdentures are still missing. While dentists tend to base the selection of the prostheticdesign on the number of implants that can be placed, other criteria have to be considered: esthetic appearance, facial morphology and restitution of lost hard and soft tissues, costs of implant-prosthodontic treatment, stability of the prostheses, complications and adjustmentsrequired, assessment of individual needs. From an economic point of view overdentures supported by two to four implants might be preferred. Prosthetic methods in general and related to implants are not evidence based. They relay on clinical experiences, patients’ demands technical considerations and reports of success and failure. However, from clinical experience, well-designed clinical concepts have evolved and the benefit of the patients concerned appears to behigh and obvious. The lecture will discuss the use of implants forprosthodontic rehabilitation in the completely edentulous jaw. Indications and various types of removable prostheses are presented and variations of design discussed. Biomechanical aspects of fixation and stabilization of prosthesis complete the overview.

15. Vukičević S. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Rregeneration of Bone and Cartilage. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):314-5.
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    Title in English:	The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Rregeneration of Bone and Cartilage
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	BONE REGENERATION CARTILAGE BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS
    Abstract:	In the last ten years a significant amount of knowledge has accumulated in the field of molecular and developmental biology. New genes responsible for the skeleton development have been discovered, and their function in the postnatal life of mammals has been defined. The most important genes responsible for the morphogenesis on all three embryonic envelopes include bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and cartilage derived morphogenetic proteins (CDMPs), recently renamed into morphogens. Sincetheir discovery, many investigators world wide have defined the morphogen receptors, signal transduction pathways, and their role in several organs. Recently, the use of recombinant human BMPs in the regeneration of long bones and the craniofacial skeleton in patients with bone non-unions have been approved in Europe, USA, Canada and Australia. In pre clinical studies it has been demonstrated that locally applied BMP-7 initiates cementogenesis, and the regenerationof periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone. CDMPs have a promising role in articular cartilage regeneration and are also good candidates for clinical trials in humans.

16. Öwall B. Prosthodontics in the Third Millenium. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):315.
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    Title in English:	Prosthodontics in the Third Millenium
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURES GERIATRICS PROSTHODONTICS
    Abstract:	The current trends in Prosthodntics will doubtless continue to develop. Can these trends, as regards central areas of prosthodontics, then be identified as community aspects, biological apects, biomechanical aspects and quality of life aspects? We can consider Prosthodontics in a micro perspective- the treatment of the individual patient or oral cavity or in a macro perspective - the use of prosthodontics on a population basis, or even on a global basis. Can we expect the developing countries to catch up with theindustrialised countries, and can we expect the highly developed countries to have less need of prosthodontic services during the new millenium just started? Many other questions can be raised when we try to look into the future:• Will the speciality of Prosthodontics develop and be approved in more countries, and will the need for these specialists increase or decrease?• Will the character of Prosthodontics as an academicdiscipline change?• Will EPA still be an important society in the future?• Will mankind survive the next millenium shift in 1000 years’ time?We can dream about the far future, but perhaps it is wiser to be realistic and only try to make forecasts for the next few decades - which seems difficult enough in itself. Are there any high mountains to climb or deep ravines to cross before we meet again in Geneva in September 2003?

17. Vidyasagar L. Overloading of Dental Implants: a Myth or Reality?. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):315.
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    Title in English:	Overloading of Dental Implants: a Myth or Reality?
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL IMPLANTS DENTAL IMPLANTATION
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: Dental implants have reported success rates of over 90% over long periods of time. However, failures still occur and seem to be unpredictable. One factor that is increasingly considered a strong candidate in failure of dental implants is occlusal loading. Overloading of dental implants during functional and parafunctionalactivity has been extensively discussed from the clinical point of view, but little scientific evidence. AIM: The aim of this article is to review literature related to loading and overloading implants through masticatory and parafunctional activity, in order to attempt to clarify causality of overload in relation to implant failure. Materials and Methods: All types of publications, published in English up to December 2001 were included. Pubmed search was done using various keywords and the “related article” feature. All identified publications and in vivo studies were reviewed but case studieswere excluded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Osseointegrated implants can fail due to very high occlusal load under experimental conditions. However, the safe and the overload levels are not known. What is clear is that loss of osseointegration is more frequent in early implant loss in the presence of micromotion. Apart from this, it is difficult to find a clear relationship between loading and invivo tissue response. CONCLUSION: Within the context of the published literature, the consensus on overloading of dental implantsis still an unresolved issue. It can be concluded that more research is required to reach a better understanding on the relationship between overload and interfacial biomechanics. Nevertheless, the clinician should be aware that increased loading, associated with parafunctional activities, has a higher risk of biomechanical complications.

18. Davis DM, Packer ME, Watson RM. Maintenance Requirements of Implant Supported Fixed Prostheses Opposed by Either Implant Supported Fixed Prostheses or Natural Teeth: 5 Years Results. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):316.
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    Title in English:	Maintenance Requirements of Implant Supported Fixed Prostheses Opposed by Either Implant Supported Fixed Prostheses or Natural Teeth: 5 Years Results
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL IMPLANTS DENTAL IMPLANTATION DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
    Abstract:	AIM: To compare the maintenance requirements of implant supported fixed prostheses opposed by implant supported fixed prostheses natural teeth or complete dentures.METHOD: The maintenance requirements were obtained by examining the dental records of 15 people, of whom 6 were edentulous in both arches and 9 edentulous in one arch. The results were compared to those obtained from 22 edentulous people in whom implants had been used in the mandible (control group). All the patients were treated with Nobel Biocare implants using standard implant and prosthetic protocols.RESULTS: The main maintenance requirement was the need to repair part of the superstructure. The artificial teeth and the acrylic resin had to be repaired on 44 occasions in the group with implants in both jaws and 14 occasions in the group with implants opposed by naturalteeth. This compared with 2 occasions in the control group. Similarly the group with implants in both jaws were more likely to fracture the gold alloy framework, an event which occurred on 6 occasions. The Kruskal- Wallis one way analysis of variance on ranks was usedto identify significant differences and Dunn’s method of All Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures was used to distinguish which group differed from the other. The group with implants in both jaws was significantly different to the other two groups in relation to the higher incidence of fracture of the teeth and acrylic resin superstructure(p<0.0001) and fracture of the gold alloy framework (p = 0.0002).CONCLUSION: The maintenance requirements of implant supported fixed prostheses opposed by implant supported fixed prostheses are much greater than when opposed by natural teeth or complete dentures.

19. Spiechowicz E, Piekarzczyk J, Gawor E, Stendera P, Ciechowicz B. Follow up Clinical Observations of a Patient with Replantation, Transplantation and Implantation. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):316.
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    Title in English:	Follow up Clinical Observations of a Patient with Replantation, Transplantation and Implantation
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TOOTH REPLANTATION TRANSPLANTATION DENTAL IMPLANTATION
    Abstract:	The paper presents the case of a young female patient treated with T.B.R. implants after unsuccessful replantation. The patient applied for the treatment in the Prosthodontic Department in January 1994, three months after the procedure of retained canine replantation. Before the replantation the patient had been treated with an orthodontic traction device, but the treatment was unsuccessful. The lack of bony restitution and permanent inflammation was the reason for canine extraction and immediate denture application. Bony defect after unsuccessful replantation and canine extraction was the reason for the surgical procedure of augmentation by transplantation from iliac bone 6 months later. Healing after bone augmentation wassatisfactory and provided favourable conditions for implant installation. Two cylinder T.B.R. implants were placed in the region of the missing canines in September 1995. After 6 months the healing screws were connected to the implants. After 1 week a small correction of the gingival flap, pulling the mucous membrane on the labial surface, was made on the right side. Healing then proceeded without additional problems. The final prosthetic restorations were made in March 1996.The patient has a regular check-up. The implant mobility is measured with Periotest and depth of gingival pockets with Florida probe.

20. Gilboa I. Preplanned Esthetics in Prosthodontics - a Controlled Approach. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):316-7.
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    Title in English:	Preplanned Esthetics in Prosthodontics - a Controlled Approach
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	PROSTHODONTICS + trends
    Abstract:	The benefits of preplanned oral rehabilitation procedures are: high quality dentistry, better patient-dentist communication, increased efficiency, and reduced stress throughout treatment. The preplanned esthetic approach is a controlled, staged procedure in which every stage is a copy of the previous one, allowing for improvementwhere necessary. The final result fulfills the patient’s expectations, agreed upon and documented at the outset. The procedure follows these three steps: 1. Imaging. Imaging is based on esthetic evaluation and diagnosis of the patient. Composite resin and a black marker are commonly used to add or reduce tooth structure in this process. Documentation by photography and stone castsare used for reference and duplication. The proposed result should be approved by the patient. 2. Provisional restorations. The teeth are waxed according to the imaging models and then duplicated in acrylic resin. On delivery, the provisional restorations are evaluated functionally and esthetically and improved upon if necessary.The result is confirmed and agreed upon and documented again by photography and stone casts. 3. Final restoration. The final restoration is a duplicate of the provisional restoration. A technique of cross mounting is used to mount the provisional casts and the working cast on the same articulator. Silicone keys guide the dentaltechnician in constructing the metal framework and the porcelain buildup. This systematic approach can be applied in every dentalprocedure that involves changes in the esthetic zone. It ensures a better match between the patients expectations and the final result and promotes higher quality dentistry.

21. Adamczyk E, Gladkowski J, Machnikowski I, Mierzwinska E, Spiechowicz E, Feder T, Wojtowicz A, Matenko D, Ciechowicz K. Utilization of Guided Bone Regeneration Techniqes in Treatment of a Single Tooth Missing with Implant Supported Crown. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):317.
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    Title in English:	Utilization of Guided Bone Regeneration Techniqes in Treatment of a Single Tooth Missing with Implant Supported Crown
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	BONE REGENERATION CROWNS DENTAL IMPLANTS, SINGLE-TOOTH
    Abstract:	Guided bone regeneration is developing very dynamically in dental surgery and in implantology. It relies on building up bone in places where it is lacking, utilizing a variety of grafting materials. Methods of guided bone regeneration utilize biological materials or synthetic specimens. The use of autogenous platelets rich plasma derived in the thromboforetic process (COBE spectra system) allows the employment of growth factors, which blood platelets contain in the formation of new bone tissues. Usage of BioOss together with platelet rich plasmas allows the creation of a resorbable carrier for growth factor (auto-xenogenic graft). The aim of the presentation is the analysis of clinical cases where usage of bone augmentation enabled the insertion of implants. Rebuilding the bone by means of guided bone regeneration facilitated the implant treatment and consequently the accomplishment of fixed prosthetics supported on implants.

22. Kleinrok M, Weglowska A, Piorkowska B, Kuziola A, Szybinski W, Janczarek M, Kostrzewa M. TMJ Disc and Condylar Displacement in the Frontal Plane. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):317-8.
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    Title in English:	TMJ Disc and Condylar Displacement in the Frontal Plane
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISC + pathology
    Abstract:	It is known from the literature that an anterior disc displacement is as a rule associated with a dorsal and (or) superior condylar displacement, whereas a dorsal disc displacement is connected with an anterior displacement of the condyle in the intercuspal position. No investigations have been done on this subject in the frontal plane. MR investigations of the TMJs were carried out in 38 patients. Disc displacement in the frontal plane was analysed in 72 TMJs. In 47.2% it was associated with condylar displacement in this plane. In 55.5% medial disc displacement was connected with lateral condylar displacement, whereas lateral disc displacement was accompanied by medial displacement of the condyle (p>0.05) in 33.3%. Central position of the condyles was significantly more often (66.6%) noted in TMJs with lateral disc displacement than in TMJs with medial disc displacement (44.4%) (p>0.05). These results were confirmed by tomography in 40 TMJs. CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between disc and condylar displacement in the intercuspal position, not only in the sagittal but also in the frontal plane. To avoid a mistake in the establishment of maxillo-mandibular relationship both the condylar and the disc position should be taken into consideration.Grant of the State Committee for Scientific Research nr 6 PO5E 043 20.

23. Rolski D, Rusiniak-Kubik K, Mierzwinska-Nastalska E, Kostrzewa-Janicka J. Treatment Considerations for Mandibulectomy Patients. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):318.
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    Title in English:	Treatment Considerations for Mandibulectomy Patients
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	SURGERY, ORAL + methods
    Abstract:	Prosthetic rehabilitation of patients after resection of the mandible due to operation of malignant tumors usually poses a great problem. Loss of tissues and damage caused by radiotherapy cause various functional deficiencies and dysfunction in the stomatognathic system. The study concerned treatment of a group of mandibulectomy patients with problems related mainly to restoration of jaw relationship, lack of occlusion and dysfunctions. In the escamined cases immediate or delayed reconstructive surgery had been completed before prosthetics to treat mandibular discontinuity defects. Unfortunately, many of the patients exibit lack of occlusion, mandibular deviations and torque due to incorrect muscle activity.Prosthetic management was part of a multidisciplinary approach to the problem. Treatment included myotherapy, gradual occlusal rearrangement with the use of therapeutic and corrective splints, special appliances and prostheses with leading inclined planes and guiding surfaces. The degree of success was related to the location and extent of the mandibular resection, the shape of the bonetransplants and presence or absence of natural teeth. The aims of treatment realised were the restoration of acceptable occlusion and improved functional efficiency of the masticatory system.

24. Islami A, Sokoli D, Bicaj T, Staka G. Comparison of the Nasality of the Unoperated Soft Cleft Palate Patient, with and without Obturator. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):318.
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    Title in English:	Comparison of the Nasality of the Unoperated Soft Cleft Palate Patient, with and without Obturator
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	CLEFT PALATE + rehabilitation PALATAL OBTURATORS
    Abstract:	Prosthetic rehabilitation of the patient with a cleft soft palate has three main objectives. Foremost is the need to improve the function of speech and comfortable swallowing, that are impaired by the potency of the soft palate, which allows the escape of air or fluid into the nasopharynx and nasal cavity. Unrepaired clefts of the soft palate produce a deficient velar-pharyngeal seal and require the construction of an obturator toward the speech bulb. Measurement of the nasality of a patient wearing a speech bulb for 18 years is described in this paper. This was done by means of Nasal View System, Tiger Electronics Inc. (Seattle, WA), which developed this system based on the work of Awan (1996, 1997). The Nasal View system is a PC/Windows based system, which enables the recording of high-resolution speech signals using Windows compatible sound cards (sampling at up to 44100 Hz at 8 or 16 bits of resolution). The hardware components included in the Nasal View system include headgear and a portable custom dual-channel pre-amplification unit.The key component of the headgear is a rigid plate, constructed of 5 mm thick styrene, which is used to separate an oral from a nasal microphone. The special sentence was used for our assessment.In this sentence 5 sounds out of 28 are nasal sounds (17.86%). The results are as follows: With the obturator in place the values of nasality were: Ave 19.32% SD 14.31%, Max 66.53% Min 1.28% Median 15.04% Mode 12.70%. The measurements of nasality without the obturator were: Ave 41.31% SD 24.39% Max 97.03% Min 7.61%Median 30.02% Mode 23.26%. Nasality measurement is displayed in the histogram of the nasality distribution, in the real-time analysis,power spectrum, LPC spectrum power and LPC spectrum, and in spectrograms.

25. De Baat C, Kalk W, Karkazis H, Ozcan M, Van Zeghbroeck L, Van Hof MA. Intra-Examiner Reliability Disposable Gnathometers. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):319.
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    Title in English:	Intra-Examiner Reliability Disposable Gnathometers
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	JAW RELATION RECORD
    Abstract:	In vivo test methods using the expensive methods gnathodynamometry for assessing maximum bite-force, revealed objective improvement of retention of maxillary dentures using denture adhesives. Since the introduction of the disposable gnathometer (Procter & Gamble), facilitating simple measurement of bite-force at dislodgement of the denture, it seems relatively easy to measure the maximum bite-force of maxillary dentures. The gnathometer has a scale ranking from 1 to 10. It measures thepressure which a patient can apply to the front teeth until dorsally dislodgement of the maxillary denture. The aim of the present study was to test the intra-examiner reliability of gnathometers. In each of 5university dental clinics (Rotterdam, Groningen, Athens, Gent, and Istanbul) 5 patients who had received a new conventional completemaxillary denture less than one month previously, were selected. These patients had a stable natural dentition or prosthetic appliance in the mandible, e.g. an overdenture attached on natural or implant abutments, a partial natural dentition with a stable partial chromcobalt denture, etc. In the first session the maximum bite-force was measured by one experienced prosthodontist for each patient using three different gnathometers, successively three timeswith each gnathometer. If the result was between 2 ranking points, the lowest was registered. The 9 measurements were conducted with three-minute breaks in order to enable the patient to reposition the dentures comfortably and habitually. One week later at the same time of the day, these measurements were repeated with the same three gnathometers, respectively for each patient, as used in thefirst session. Intra-examiner reliability was very good. Paired sample correlations were 0.91, with overall measurement error of 0.7 on the ranking scale.

26. Knezović-Zlatarić D, Čelebić A. Mandibular Bone Mineral Density Changes Dependent on the Denture Support. A Six Month Follow up Study. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):319.
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    Title in English:	Mandibular Bone Mineral Density Changes Dependent on the Denture Support. A Six Month Follow up Study
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	BONE AND BONES DENTURE + adverse effects
    Abstract:	Reduction in the height of the alveolar edentulous ridge in denture wearers is a well documented problem which depends on various local and systemic factors. Changes of bone mineral density (BMD) in denture wearers have not yet been documented in follow-up studies. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in BMD of the mandible in complete (CD) and removable free-end saddle denture wearers (RPD) during a six month period (both groups had complete dentures in the maxilla). Twenty RPD patients (5 male, 15 female) and 20 CD wearers (7 male, 13 female) participated. The BMD measurements were performed on digitised dental panoramicradiographs (DPR) with a 5 step copper stepwedge attached to each film cassette. Grey levels of each step of the stepwedge were transformed to optical density values and using the 3rd degree polynomial the regression formula was calculated for each digitised image to express BMD values of the measured region of interest (ROI) in the copper stepwedge thickness equivalents.The results revealed that the BMD values of the examined ROIs under the distal end of the CD decreased, and in contrast, the matching BMD values under the distal end of the RPD increased, during the six month period, although the changes did not reach a statistically significant level (p>0.05). The BMD values on gonion increased significantly in both examined groups (p<0.05), whichwas attributed to the increased load of the strain forces of the masseter muscle at gonion after the denture delivery. Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Croatia, Project No. 065911.

27. Cassidy M. Selecting Ceramics - Introduction. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):320.
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    Title in English:	Selecting Ceramics - Introduction
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	CERAMICS
    Abstract:	AIM OF PRESENTATION: To compare a number of materials for extracoronal restoration of teeth with particular reference to CAD-CAM ceramics.CASE DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT CARRIED OUT: This paper will be illustrated using clinical examples of patients treated using different ceramic restorations to present the advantages and disadvantages and each technique. The different requirements of tooth preparation, impression taking and technical procedures of each system will be presented and compared.PATIENT PROGRESS: Follow up clinical observations of treated patients will be reported and discussed.

28. Martinez F, Suarez MJ, Serrano B, Sanchez A, Pradies G. Procera Allceram: Two Yyear Evaluation of the Fixed Partial Denture. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):320.
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    Title in English:	Procera Allceram: Two Yyear Evaluation of the Fixed Partial Denture
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE, PARTIAL, FIXED
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: The demand for all-ceramic restorations has increased substantially because of their esthetics and biocompatibility. However, the indication for a fixed partial denture has been limited by numerous problems such as low breaking strength of conventional dental ceramic and complex manufacturing techniques. Procera AllCeram is a CAD/CAM system for completeceramic restorations with a dry-sintered high-purity aluminium oxide core.Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether the Procera ceramic fixed partial denture is an acceptable treatment modality.Material and methods: Nine patients were treated with a total of ten fixed partial dentures of three units. The restorations were constructed with bilateral support and one pontic, accordingto the Procera AllCeram technique. The California Dental Association quality evaluation system was used for assessment of marginal integrity and esthetics after two years. RESULTS: Nine of ten fixed partial dentures (90%) showed no defects and were functioning well after two years. No caries or signs of gingivitis or periodontitis exceeding those found.CONCLUSION: The study confirms that for the observation period of two years, fixed partial dentures made by the Procera AllCeram method seem to be an acceptable treatment alternative.

29. Hegedus C, Daroczi L, Kökenyesi V, Beke O. Comparative Microstructrual Study of the Diffusion Zone Between Ni-Cr Alloy and Different Dental Ceramics. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):320.
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    Title in English:	Comparative Microstructrual Study of the Diffusion Zone Between Ni-Cr Alloy and Different Dental Ceramics
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	CERAMICS + analysis CHROMIUM ALLOYS
    Abstract:	Detailed knowledge of bonding mechanisms, between the metal and ceramic parts in conventional dental systems, can help the development of new, improved systems and the optimisation of recent technologies. Despite their allergic potential, the NiCr alloys are still amongst the most often used dental materials so their investigation is important. The aim of the study was to carry out adetailed microstructural investigation and to compare the reaction layer developed between three different dental ceramics and NiCr alloy under different firing conditions. For the measurements six identical samples were cast from WIRON 99 (Bego, Konstantz, Germany) alloy. Ceramic opaquers were fired on the polished surfaceusing Vision (Wohlwend AG), Vita VMK 95 (Vita) and Carat(DeTrey/Dentsplay) materials. Two samples were produced from each type of opaquers by different firing conditions. The TEM investigations were performed by using a 2000FX-II microscope with a Link-lsis EDS system. Similar growth processes of the phases were observed in all of the investigated systems in the sense that an amorphous phase was formed on the metal-ceramic interfaceproducing bubble like inclusions on the metal surface. The main component of this phase is silicon oxide in the case of Carat and Vita ceramics, while in the case of Vision potassium and nickel oxides were observed after the normal firing process. In all systems and at all firing conditions a nanocrystalline Cr2O3 layer (with about 50 nmgrain size) was commonly observed. This investigation was supported in part by ETT Grant 2001-3.

30. Madrigal A, Lopez I, Suarez MJ, Salido MP. Casting and Mechanized Titanium Restorations. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):321.
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    Title in English:	Casting and Mechanized Titanium Restorations
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TITANIUM DENTAL CASTING TECHNIQUE
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: New materials and methods for clinical dentistry are continuously being introduced. There is a growing interest in the use of titanium as a restorative material for several reasons: its relatively low cost, favorable physical properties and biocompatibility. However, titanium is technically more difficult to handle than conventional metal alloys. There are two fabrication methods for titanium restorations: casting and mechanized (a combination of machine duplication and spark erosion-Pro- -cera method).PURPOSE: The aim of this review was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the two fabrication methods used for titanium restorations and to make some recommendations on the indications.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dental literature was reviewed including clinical and technique articles on the use of titanium in prosthodontic restorations.RESULT: The use of mechanized titanium has more restrictive indications than casting, but assures better marginal fit of the restorations. The bond strength of porcelain fused to titanium is questioned, because of the lower rigidity of titanium than conventional alloys and discrepancies in the thermal expansion coefficient between titanium and ceramic. Thus, low fusing ceramics tend to predominate today. The esthetic result varies. Furthermoretitanium restorations require a qualified dental technician. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that titanium is a promising alternative for prosthodontic restorations. Several error sources associated with casting can be eliminated with mechanized titanium restorations. However, little information is availableon the clinical performance of titanium restorations. More clinical prospective studiesare necessary before titanium can be recommended for general clinical use.

31. Martinez JA, Celemin A, Banos MA. The CAD-CAM System in the Construction of a Telescopic Prosthesis Over Six Implants. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):321.
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    Title in English:	The CAD-CAM System in the Construction of a Telescopic Prosthesis Over Six Implants
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: The CAD-CAM system provides the posibility of making titanium framework with great precision and without deformations which can take place in clinical technigues.AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective was to analize, through a clinical case, the use of the ALL-IN-ONE system.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a female patient, 50 years of age, we installed six osteointegrated implants in maxillary bone. After the integration period we decided to contruct a telescopic prosthesis with the All-in-one system due to the inclination of the implants.We tookimpressions by a method that splints together the abutments. Withthe model obtained we made a primary structure in titanium, compensating the vestibular direction of the implants, and over this primary structure we made a secondary telescopic metal structure, designed with the dental shape, that was obtained by frictional means and the use of three “Ipso-clip” retainers.RESULT: The CAD-CAM system seems to be an excellent system for providing a good fit in complex metal frameworks from the clinical point of view.

32. Özcan M, Vallittu PK. Effect of Intraorally Used Surface Treatment Methods to Improve Resin Composite Bond Strenghts. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):321-2.
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    Title in English:	Effect of Intraorally Used Surface Treatment Methods to Improve Resin Composite Bond Strenghts
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	COMPOSITE RESINS
    Abstract:	The use of resin composite restorations might require repairs to prolong the service life of such restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 surface treatment methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a particulate filler resin composite (PFC) to 5 PFC substrates, namely Targis (Ivoclar), Sinfony (3M ESPE), Tetric (Vivadent), Gradia (GC), Sculpture (Jeneric Pentron)in dry and thermocycled (TC) conditions. PFC substrates were fabricated according to each manufacturer’s recommendations and the oxygen inhibition layer was removed by grinding. The substrates in each group (n=6) were randomly assigned to each of the following 3 treatment conditions: (1) Etching for 90 sec with 9.5% HF (Ultradent® Porcelain Etch, USA) (2) Sandblasting (50μm Al2O3), (3) Tribochemical silicacoating (CoJet, 30μm SiOx, 3M ESPE). Each surface treatment was followed by silanization and bonding agent application. The repair resin (Sinfony, 3M ESPE) was bonded to the conditioned substrates using teflon tubes (3.6 x 5 mm). TC wasapplied for 6000 cycles (5-55oC, 30 sec). The SBS were measured in a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 1mm/min. The ANOVA showed that SBS values before TC differed significantly (P<0.001) between the acid etched specimens (7.5-14.5 MPa) and those treated with either Al2O3 (15.9-20.8 MPa) or silicacoating(25.8-42.2 MPa). After TC, the silicacoating process resulted in the highest values in all material groups (17.3- -30 MPa). The results indicate that composite resin repair strengths are dependent on the brand of the composite. This could be due to the differences in chemical composition of the polymer.

33. Benke B, Szabo G. The Problem of Solving Fracture of the Denture Base in Preedentulous States. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):322.
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    Title in English:	The Problem of Solving Fracture of the Denture Base in Preedentulous States
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE REPAIR
    Abstract:	The mechanical fatigue resistance of the denture base seems to be a neglected part of treatment planning. Extreme overload can occur, which is only evaluated in the case of fracture. In full or partial edentia the dental base can be exposed to an extreme stress concentration which may be coupled with the incidental source of failure during processing of the denture. The aim of this lecture is to report cases, where we were able to overcome dental base fracture, which had not been foreseen earlier. In the first case a history of several fractures of an upper complete denture is presented. Metal net, framework and incorporation of glass fibres and reline werestages of the instructive problem solving process. In the second case a man wearing an overdenture with ball attachments under implant fixtures is presented. After multiple fractures of the dental base we used glass fibre reinforcement for repair. After this procedure there was an eventless period, which proves the mechanical resistanceof the denture base. In the third case presented both the denture base and the acrylic tooth were damaged. The multiple fracturecould also be treated with glass fibre reinforcement, which was successful. From these cases we concluded:1. Careful case history and treatment plan could have helped to overcome the subsequent problems.2. The clinical implication is that the glass fibre reinforcement can provide effective strength for the denture base. We could not neglect evaluation of the mucosa and bone support. In the following period we reinforced new dentures preventively with fibres in 15 cases. At the same time we also continued the repair the broken dentures of 10patients. The outcome exceeded our greatest expectations: no fracture was seen. However, further study is needed to extend the observation period.

34. Özyegin LS, Sinmazisik G. Investigation of the Fracture Surface of E Glass Fiber Reinforced PMMA Denture Base Resins. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):322-3.
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    Title in English:	Investigation of the Fracture Surface of E Glass Fiber Reinforced PMMA Denture Base Resins
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE REPAIR DENTURE BASES POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE
    Abstract:	The interface between fibers and the acrylic resin matrix is considered to be an important factor in the reinforcement, and the microscopic surface structure may play a key role in the effectiveness of this reinforcement. Adequate adhesion of the fibers to the polymer matrix is one of the most important factors for strength. The optic microscope, although of limited resolution, is still a popular choice. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides measurements in 2 dimensions. The aim of the study was to examine the interfacial region of PMMA reinforced with chopped glass fiberscoated with two different silans using the scanning electron microscope. E Glass fibers coupled with Silan 1 (silan + epoxy resin) and Silan 2 (silan + polyester resin) were used to reinforce denture base polymethyl metacrylate resin. Specimens were produced by two different methods in the first group, and the fibers were soaked with a mixture of polymer powder and monomer liquid. In the second group the fibers were soaked in the polymer liquid for 15 minutes and then blended with PMA polymers. All the samples were heat cured. Transverse strength of specimens was evaluated by a 3 point bending test. Fracture surfaces of the test specimens were examined with SEM to evaluate the degree of impregnation of fibers with the polymer matrix. SEM examination revealed well impregnatedglass fibers with the polymer matrix. No difference was found between the test groups.

35. Sinmazisik G, Özyegin LS, Akesi S. The Effect of Two Different E Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Mechanical Properties of Polymethyl Metacrylate Denture Base Resins. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):323.
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    Title in English:	The Effect of Two Different E Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Mechanical Properties of Polymethyl Metacrylate Denture Base Resins
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE BASES POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE
    Abstract:	Denture base polymers were reinforced with various types of fibers, such as glass, carbon/graphite and ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene fibers. These procedures were performed to take advantage of the good esthetic qualities of glass fibers and good bonding of glass fibers to polymers via silane coupling agents. The most common type of glass used in fiber production is the so-called E glass (electrical glass). This study investigated the effect of chopped fibers with two different silane coupling agents on the strength of denture base polymethyl metacrylate resins. E Glass fibers coupled either with Silan 1 (silan + epoxy resin) or Silan 2 (silan + polyester resin) were used to reinforce denture base polymethyl metacrylate resin. Specimens were produced by two different methods. In the firstgroup, the fibers were wetted with a mixture of polymer powder and monomer liquid and in the second group the fibers were soaked in the polymer liquid for 15 minutes and then blended with PMA polymers. All samples were heat cured. Control group specimens were not fiber reinforced. Half of the prepared specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 48 hours. The others were testedimmediately. Transverse strength of all specimens was evaluated by a 3 point bending test. No significant difference was found between the wetted and immediately tested specimens (p=0.755). When all specimens were compared for transfer stength there was statistically significant difference between the wetted and unwetted specimens(p=0). When silanated and control specimens were compared the ones processed with Silan 2 (silan + polyester resin) showed the lowest transfer strenght values.

36. Hedzelek W, Zagalak R, Mroz B, Biskupski P, Lodygowski T, Wierszycki M. Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Assembling Conditions and the Tolerance of Adapted Implantological Components on the Durability of the Prosthetic Construction. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):323-4.
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    Title in English:	Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Assembling Conditions and the Tolerance of Adapted Implantological Components on the Durability of the Prosthetic Construction
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL IMPLANTATION PROSTHODONTICS
    Abstract:	Durable fastening of implant retained prosthetic restorations, consisting of a series of elements, is one of the main factors of successful prosthetic rehabilitation. Clinically observed mechanical problems concerning the above mentioned components are complications that occur most often in the loading phase. The aim of this research was evaluation of the suppleness of the implant- -anti-rotary abutment construction to loosening under the influence of labile mechanical stress. Numerical analysis of resistance based on the finite element analysis (FEA) was used in the initial phase of this research. The actual tests were done with the use of a dynamic mechanical analyser Netzsch DMA 242 and a polarisation microscope equipped with a CCD camera. A series of implants connected with abutments composed of two parts were analysed. The results of initial studies utilizing the finite element analysis (FEA) allowed definition of the spheres of stress concentration. On the basis of in vitro experiments, the investigators evaluated the influence of tolerance of adapted implant-abutment interface fit, as well as thetorque used in the assembly of the abutment, on the occurrence of micromovements and loosening of components. The results strongly indicate correlation between the chosen variables and the risk of occurrence of mechanical complications.

37. Szabo G, Kocsis L, Szanto P, Thamm F. Effect of Long-Term Cycling Load for Abutment Screw Fixation in Implant Prosthodontics. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):324.
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    Title in English:	Effect of Long-Term Cycling Load for Abutment Screw Fixation in Implant Prosthodontics
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL IMPLANTATION PROSTHODONTICS DENTAL ABUTMENTS
    Abstract:	The aim of this in vitro study was to use rotational tests on commercially available abutment screws to evaluate their potential for preload generation and to follow changes in torque by using newer fixation geometry on the interface of the implant-abutment screw joint. Five identical implant/abutment assemblies were chosen from each of the following systems: external hex with standard abutment and Replace with TorgTite screw (Nobel Biocare), Camlog universal abutment (Altatec Biotechnologies), DenTi internal hex (Dentimplant Ltd. Szentes, Hungary), straight abutment with internal antirotational element (Uniplant, Sinalisal, Budapest). Wax patterns of the upper premolar were performed and then cast from nickel-chrome alloy and full crown castings were cemented on abutments. In a test machine the magnitude and time of chewing function was predefined by using the desired force pattern. Each specimenwas stressed for cycles equivalent to an intaoral load of 5 months or longer timescale. In the static test greater loss in torques was calculated for standard Branemark and Replace screw joints.Assuming that the optimum proportion is the same when we calculate loosening versus tightening torque we obtained a decrease between 0.70-0.59 for Replace and Branemark abutments and a more moderate loss of between 0.90-0.84 for the other systems investigated. The ten month equivalent cycling test produced a loosening torque of 16-17 Ncm for Branemark and Replace abutments. Similar decrease in torque was not found for theother three systems. It was concluded that different approach in achievement of necessary mechanical integration can be seen in implant systems, although a reliable loosening torque could be measured after a longer time scale.

38. Aydin M, Pak Tunc E, Katipoglu B. A Different Impression Technique for a Single Tooth Crown Over the ITI Implant. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):324.
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    Title in English:	A Different Impression Technique for a Single Tooth Crown Over the ITI Implant
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE CROWNS DENTAL IMPLANTS, SINGLE-TOOTH
    Abstract:	The single tooth implant has common use in the field of implant dentistry and many studies report high success rates. Improvements in implant design, range of prosthetic components and restorative materials have made it possible to achieve optimal cosmetic results, although tissue contouring problems may sometimes limit optimum aesthetics, especially in the anterior maxilla. This case report describes a different impression technique, by using zinc-oxide eugenol impression paste, to take a precise impression of the periimplant tissues around the subgingival part of the ITI implant, to achieve an optimal cosmetic effect.

39. Radnai M, Bereznai M, Pelseczi I, Toth Z, Turzo K, Bor Z, Fazekas A. Surface Modification of Titanium Dental Implants by Excimer Laser. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):324-5.
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    Title in English:	Surface Modification of Titanium Dental Implants by Excimer Laser
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TITANIUM DENTAL IMPLANTS LASERS
    Abstract:	The perfect osseointegration process of the dental implants depends among other factors on the surfact characteristics of the titanium. In this study enlarged mechanical roughness was produced by a laser-based technique, in order to decrease the healing period of the implant. There are different ways of forming laser induced surfacestructures. In the case of mask projection techniques the surface can be modified in larger areas and surface patterns. An ArF nanosecond excimer laser was used in the experiments because of the advantageous properties of the excimer beams. Effective polishing by homogeneous laser illumination in the 3-5 J/cm2 fluence range was performed as confirmed by SEM and AFM studies. Holes of about20 mm diameter and 10 mm in depth, with high aspect ratio and protrusions around the edges were ablated into the titanium surface with subsequent pulses of ns ArF excimer laser. To avoid easily breakable protrusions we applied excimer pulse durations of 0.5 picoseconds. In this case we obtained melting- and ridge-free ablation of titanium. The laser treatment influenced the chemical composition of the surface in two respects. On the one hand itremoved carbonaceous contamination as indicated by XPS and XRD measurements, demonstrating that cleaning of the surface does not alter the original crystalline structure. On the other hand, XPS measurements proved that pulsed laser oxidation in air increased the thickness of the surface oxide layer, promoting better osseointegration.

40. Stendera P, Matenko D, Grochowski P. Porcelain-Fused-to-Titanium Restorations From Implant Level-Preliminary Observations. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):325.
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    Title in English:	Porcelain-Fused-to-Titanium Restorations From Implant Level-Preliminary Observations
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TITANIUM DENTAL IMPLANTS DENTAL PORCELAIN
    Abstract:	Until a few years ago use of the abutment was necessary for making fixed restorations retained on Branemark implants. For multiple-unit restorations, abutments served as a”misfit eliminating zone” for the framework cast with gold alloy. Single crowns were made as restorations cemented on prefabricated abutments. Thanks to theuse of modern laboratory methods, it is now possible to produce multiple-unit restorations retained directly on implants with the metal part made of titanium alloy. One such method is the All-in-One system, in which the metal part of the restoration is made of one piece of titanium, with the use of a computer aided milling machine. Thanks to the development in porcelain fusing to titanium, it isalso possible to make single crowns as a screw-retained restoration seated directly on an implant. For this purpose, TiAdapt abutments were used with own modification of UCLA-type crown production.The paper describes some advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned systems and basics of their use. The study group consisted of 22 restorations (12 bridges and 10 crowns) made for 14 patients. Most of them (18) were made for the lower jaw. All bridges were twoor three-unit restorations. The observation period was fromthree months up to two years. Complications were observed in two cases. Both of them consisted of cracks in the porcelain. Due to the design of the restorations, the complications were eliminated without any problems. A possible cause of the porcelain cracking was the excessive bulk of the porcelain in areas where there had been lackof metal support for the veneering layer. Due to the easy application and positive aesthetic and functional results the described methods seem to be worth recommending, with some clinical limitations.

41. Suarez MJ, Lozano JF, Salido MP, Pradies G, Martinez F. Three-Year Clinical Evaluation of in Ceram Zirconia Bridges. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):325-6.
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    Title in English:	Three-Year Clinical Evaluation of in Ceram Zirconia Bridges
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL MATERIALS DENTURE, PARTIAL
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: The demand for esthetic restorations has led to the development of materials that are metal free. These materials must have adequate strength to be an alternative for the fabrication of fixed partial dentures in posterior segments of the dental arches.PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate in a long-term perspective whether the strength of the In Ceram Zirconia material is sufficient for use in posterior bridges.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen patients, who were between 23 and 50 years of age, with indications for a fixed denture replacing premolar or molar, were examined for participation in the study. Eighteen bridges were constructed with one or two pontics and two abutments, one on each side of the pontic. The patients were informed about risks of, and alternatives to, the proposed therapy.The supporting teeth were prepared with chamfer finish line and lack ofsharp line angles. Impressions were made with a rigid standard tray with an A-silicone putty soft and light-body materials (Aquasil, Dentsply). The laboratory procedures were performed by a laboratory autho rised by the Vita supplier. Ten of the bridges werecemented permanently with zinc phosphate cement and eight with glass ionomer cement. Clinical evaluation of the bridges were performed according to the California Dental Association’s quality evaluation system.RESULT: After three year evaluation all eighteen bridges were without signs of or any change in colour, and marginal integrity.CONCLUSION: In Ceram Zirconia is a potential alternative for full ceramic bridges in the posterior segments.

42. Kumbuloglu O, User A, Toksavul S. Intraoral Repair of Metal Ceramic Restorations Following Preparation of the Endodontic Access Cavity (Case Reports). Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):326.
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    Title in English:	Intraoral Repair of Metal Ceramic Restorations Following Preparation of the Endodontic Access Cavity (Case Reports)
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	CERAMICS METAL CERAMIC ALLOYS ROOT CANAL PREPARATION
    Abstract:	The Manufacture of dental crowns and bridgework of porcelain fused to metal, a technique that results in highly functional and esthetic restorations, has been widely used for about 45 years. Bonded porcelain is exceptionally strong. However, the reasons for porcelain fracture may be multifactorial, and include where the bridge or crown substructure has been weakened by excessive occlusal adjustment or by the introduction of an endodontic access cavitiy. An esthetic and functional repair, wherever possible, has many advantages over time-consuming and expensive remakes of crowns and/or bridges.This report is a presentation of a simple method for both the dentist and the patient to repair a tooth with root canal treatment. In cases where the fracture is due to an endodontic access cavity, intraoral repair was performed using various porcelain repairing kits. The patients were recalled for follow up on a 3-month basis after treatment. This technique can be considered as a treatment of choice regarding the successful results.

43. Kumbuloglu O, User A, Toksavul S. In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of Different Gongival Retraction Cords. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):326.
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    Title in English:	In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of Different Gongival Retraction Cords
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	PERIODONTICS
    Abstract:	Modern impression techniques used in restorative dentistry require displacementof gingival tissue to expose the subgingival finish lines on the tooth preparation. Many different medications are used on gingival retraction cords in order to minimize hemorrhage from the gingival sulcus during impression making. A common method of accomplishing gingival displacement is by packing cord into the gingival crevice. This is especially critical when using hydrophobic impression materials such as polyvinyl siloxanes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether any of the commonly used gingival retraction medications could inhibit the polymerization of polyvinyl siloxane impression materials when they are in direct contact with the setting material and to evaluate the clinical performance of retraction cords. Many gingival retraction cords in various shapes, sizes and medications are available on the market. The literatureis replete with reports on the effects of medicated and non-medicated cords on impression and gingival tissue. In this study, the number of the criteria of evaluation was increased and both in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted together by three prosthodontists.

44. Packer ME, Coward TJ, Wakeley R, Fenlon MR. The Potential of Plasma Screen Technology in Small Group Teaching for Dental Undergraduates. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):326-7.
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    Title in English:	The Potential of Plasma Screen Technology in Small Group Teaching for Dental Undergraduates
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	EDUCATION, DENTAL
    Abstract:	AIM: This study was devised to ascertain the opinion of dental undergraduate students as to whether they preferred observing a live demonstration as a group directly at the workbench or indirectly on a remote Plasma Screen. In addition, to identify whether the students observing remotely believed that they had been disadvantaged by the inability to question the demonstrator during thedemonstration.METHOD: 17 students divided into two groups observed a live demonstration of a laboratory technical procedure either at the workbench, or remotely on a Plasma Screen with the aid of video cameras. They subsequently observed a second demonstration with the roles reversed. Questionnaires were used to obtain the students’views of their ability to see and interact with the demonstrator.RESULTS: The responses of the students observing the demonstration on the Plasma Screen indicated that they felt that they were able to see the demonstration more clearly than those observing at the workbench (p=0.04). Those observing on the Plasma Screen first, indicated this in particular (p=0.03). The majority of students acknowledged their inability to ask questions when observing on the Plasma Screen and supported the idea that the Plasma Screen should be used to complement the demonstrationat the workbench.CONCLUSION: Plasma Screen technology has considerable potential as a teaching tool for small groups of student, where it can afford significantly superior views of practicalprocedures. The students considered that the Plasma Screen would be best employed to provide close up views to supplement a live demonstration. The apparatus may be used remotely more successfully if videoconferencing technology were also employed to facilitateinteraction with the demonstrator.

45. Illeš D, Valentić-Peruzović M, Alajbeg IZ. Prosthetic Dentistry on the Internet. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):327.
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    Title in English:	Prosthetic Dentistry on the Internet
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	PROSTHODONTICS + trends INTERNET EDUCATION, DENTAL
    Abstract:	Since the late sixties when the ARPANET- first computer network was developed, Internet has had a great impact on the way of thinking, buying, teaching, learning and everyday life, including dentistry. The beginning of internet in science and research, has proved to be irreplaceable way of communication between researchers all over the word. Currently (April 2002) one of the most popular search engines on the net (Google) indexed about 2 billion web pages, 35 million of non HTML documents and 700 million Usenet messages, which makes the Internet the greatest information service ever. The purpose of this study was to investigate which part of the web space is taken by prosthetic dentistry and the importance which it gains on the Internet. The method used was standard Internet search engine keyword queries preformed using six web search engines: Google, Lycos, Infoseek, AltaVista, Northern Light, HotBotand Excite. Research results suggest that there is currently (May 2002) about 30 thousand pages (0.0015% of searched web space) which contain terms: prosthetic dentistry or prosthodontics and about one thousand web pictures connected to these terms. Content analysis suggests that quality and real informative value of the majority of those pages is low. To conclude-informative space on the Internet concerningprosthetic dentistry is still in development and the need for confirmation and authorized information is obvious.

46. Ćatović A, Bergman V, Ćatić A, Seifert D, Poljak-Guberina R. Influence of Sex, Age and Presence of Functional Units on Optical Density and Bone Height of the Mandible in the Elderly. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):327-8.
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    Title in English:	Influence of Sex, Age and Presence of Functional Units on Optical Density and Bone Height of the Mandible in the Elderly
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	BONE DENSITY GERIATRICS
    Abstract:	OBJECTIVES: Mandibular bone height and density were compared with age, sex and the number and type of functional dental units, as represented by Eichner index.MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 150 elderly patients of the Dental Clinic were divided into three age groups, examined and orthopantomograms/OPG/ taken. The OPGs were taken with the copper stepwedge in order to enable computer-assisted calculation ofmandibular optical density and calibration of dimensional measurements by specially designed software.RESULTS:Eichner class III was found in 62% of patients. The presence of functional units was positively correlated with age (r=0.67) and bone height values (r=0.88, p<0.05). Optical density and bone height values of measurements performed at the same locations on mandibles showed no significant correlation (r=0.24,p<0.05). Intra-subject measurement showed that the eminentia piriformis region had significantly higher optical density values compared to 1st molar and mental foramen regions (p<0.05). Women had significantly lower bone height values than men (p<0.05), but no significant sex difference was found in optical density values.CONCLUSION: The presence of functional units has significant influence on bone height, although, like age or sex of the patient, it has no influence on mineral content of the mandible. The eminentia piriformis is not susceptible to bone mineral content or height change.

47. Kovačić I, Čelebić A, Carek V, Bratolić V, Kovačić F, Knezović-Zlatarić D. The Rate of Resorption of Different Regions of Residual Ridges in Complete Denture Wearers Dependent on the Region and the Period Following the Last Extraction. One Year Study.. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):328.
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    Title in English:	The Rate of Resorption of Different Regions of Residual Ridges in Complete Denture Wearers Dependent on the Region and the Period Following the Last Extraction. One Year Study.
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE + adverse effects ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS + etiology
    Abstract:	Residual alveolar ridges (RR) show continual resorption after the loss of the natural dentition, resulting in reduction of the morphologic face height and counterclockwise rotation of the mandible, regardless of whether the dentures are worn or not. The aim of this study was to analyse residual ridge resorption (RRR) in 5 different regions of both jaws on the successive lateral cephalograms of 50 complete denture wearers and to correlate such changes with the number of years of edentia and the region where the last extraction was performed. The height of the residual ridges was measured on 5 different sites of the mandible and the maxillary RR using a calibrated grid. The results revealed that all the patients showed significant RRR in the one year period (p<0.01), which was 2.5x more in the mandible than in the maxilla. RRR was bigger in patients who had had their last extraction within a period of one year before receiving their dentures, than in patients who had extracted their teeth earlier (p<0.01). However, the rate of RRR was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the anterior regions of both jaws compared to distal regions (0.41 and 0.42 mm in the incisive/canine region: 0.2 and 0.17 mm in the premolar/ molar region for the maxilla 1.05 and 0.82 mm in the incisive/canine region : 0.27 and 0.11 in the premolar/ molar region for the mandible), even in patients where the last extraction was performed in the premolar region. It seems that the structure of the bone and strains in RR, due to loading from the dentures, may play a role, not only the period following extraction and the region of the lastextraction.

48. Čelebić A, Knezović-Zlatarić D, Carek V, Stipetić J, Baučić I, Komar D, Lazić B, Lazić D. Satisfaction with Removable Denture Therapy in Complete and Partial Denture Wearers. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):328.
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    Title in English:	Satisfaction with Removable Denture Therapy in Complete and Partial Denture Wearers
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE + adverse effects ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS + etiology
    Abstract:	The aim of this study was to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with their dentures, with denture retention, speech, chewing ability and the comfort of wearing dentures in complete denture (CD) and Kennedy Class I removable partial denture (RPD) wearers The aim was also to compare the level of satisfaction between the CD and RP wearers. A total of 156 CD and 103 RPD wearers took part in this study. Patients graded their satisfaction by using an analogue-visual scale from 1 to 5. The statistical analysis was made (descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov one sample test, Mann-Whitney test). The following conclusions were made: Both CD and RPD patients were mostly satisfied with their dentures (the distribution of the scores of the patients’ assessments was not as described by Gauss, but was skewed towards the highest scores). Variables were ranged from the best to the worst grades in the group CD wearers as follows:retention of upper CD, comfort of wearing upper CD, speech, aesthetic, overall satisfaction, chewing ability, retention of lower CD and comfort of wearing lower CD. Variables were ranged from the best to the worst grades in the group of RPD wearers as follows: aesthetics, retention of upper RPD, comfort of wearing lower RPD,speech, retention of lower RPD, overall satisfaction, chewing ability and comfort of wearing lower RPD. The difference of the satisfaction between RPD and CD wearers was significant (p<0.05) for the comfort of wearing lower denture (higher scores RPD wearers), for the retention of lower denture (higher scores RPD wearers), and for chewing ability (higher scores CD wearers).

49. Brujić S, Knezović-Zlatarić D, Čelebić A, Valentić-Peruzović M, Alajbeg IZ. Alveolar Bone Loss on Abutment and Non-Abutment Teeth as Related to Removable Partial Denture Wearing. A Six Month Follow up Study. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):329.
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    Title in English:	Alveolar Bone Loss on Abutment and Non-Abutment Teeth as Related to Removable Partial Denture Wearing. A Six Month Follow up Study
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE + adverse effects ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS + etiology DENTAL ABUTMENTS
    Abstract:	Loss of interdental alveolar bony septum can be determined directly from a radiograph as a percentage length of the interdental bony crest of the alveolus to the distance from cemento-enamel junction of the tooth to the tooth apex. The aim of this study was to measure the height of interdental alveolar bone around the abutment and nonabutment teeth in removable partial denture wearers (RPD) on dental panoramic radiographs (DPR) through a period of six months. Twenty RPD patients (5 males, 15 females participated in the study. The alveolarbone loss measurement was performed on DPRs, using Shei index, on each mandibular abutment and non-abutment tooth on its mesial and distal side, after the RPD delivery and six months later. Recordings of plaque index (PlI) were made at the mid-buccal, mid-palatal, mesio- and disto-palatal surfaces of each abutment and non-abutment teeth after the RPD delivery and six months later. Theresults revealed a decrease of Shei index values on both abutment and non-abutment teeth, which reached a statistically significant level for distal Shei index values of the abutment teeth and mesial and distal Shei index values of the non-abutment teeth (p<0.05) in a 6 month period. There was no statistically significant difference inPlI values between the first and the second measurement (p>0.05). We concluded that the decrease in bone support on both abutment and non-abutment teeth was attributed to the high levels of PlI and low level of oral hygiene than to RPD loading. Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Croatia, Project No. 065911.

50. Golebiewska M. The Relationshiop Between the Density of the Mandible and that of Post-Cranial Bone in Postmenopausal Women. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):329.
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    Title in English:	The Relationshiop Between the Density of the Mandible and that of Post-Cranial Bone in Postmenopausal Women
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	BONE DENSITY GERIATRICS POSTMENOPAUSE
    Abstract:	Skeletal mass declines in all populations with age, and it is suggested that changes in oral bone may be linked to the status of the postcranial skeleton. Systemic loss of bone density leading to osteoporosis has also been suspected as a systemic risk factor for oral bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine if the bone density of the mandible is related to the bone density of the spine and hip in postmenopausal women and if the mandibular density is declined with age and time of menopause and edentia. 52 edentulous postmenopausal women underwent assessment of postcranial and mandibular bone. BMD of the lumbar spine (L2-L4), the femoral neck (F) and the mandible (ramus M1, body M2) wasdetermined by DEXA. Lower BMD M1 was found in osteopenic (n = 16 0.230 ± 0.31 g/cm2 p<0.1) and osteoporotic women (n = 21 0.240 ± 0.37 g/cm2 p<0.1) compared to healthy subjects (n = 15 0.450 ± 0.59 g/cm2). The significant lowest value of BMD M2 was found in theosteoporotic group (0.720 ± 0.59 p<0.06 and the osteopenic group of women (0.770 ± 0.48 g/cm2 p<0.09) compared to healthy subjects (1.140 ± 0.7 g/cm2). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between the BMD M2 and BMD F (r = 0.330 p<0.02) andBMD L2-L4 (r = 0.242 p<0.08). BMD M1 was not significantly related to any other area. Age, the occurrance of menopause and the time of the edentia had significantly negative correlations with density of the mandibular body (BMD M2 r = -0.349 p<0.01 r = -0.286 p<0.05 r = -0.235 p<0.09). It is concluded that the density of the mandibular bodyis significantly related to the density of the hip and lumbar spine in postmenopausal women and the mandibular body density declines with age, the occurrance of menopause and the time of edentia.

51. Ardizone I, Aneiros F, Sanchez T. Study of Asymmetrical Muscle Function in Occlusion by Means of Electromyography in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):330.
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    Title in English:	Study of Asymmetrical Muscle Function in Occlusion by Means of Electromyography in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL OCCLUSION ELECTROMYOGRAPHY TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS + diagnosis
    Abstract:	Some authors defend the idea that orthopedic instability, occlusal interferences, and the presence of muscular and/or articular unilateral pain, that are so common in patients with temporomandibular disorders, should necessarily lead to a marked asymmetry in the functioning of the masticatoy muscles and as this asymmetry is quantified in the electromyographic records it could be of great use in diagnosis.AIM OF THE WORK: The purpose of our study was to determine if muscular function in dysfunctional patients is more asymmetrical than in healthy individuals, in order to use this clinical signal in the diagnosis of craniomandibular disorders.METHOD: We carried out electromyographic tests on a group of 22 patients, who had previously been diagnosed as suffering from a temporomandibular dysfunction. After submitting them to Helkimo test, we compared the results of the electromyographic tests with a control group comprising 19 healthy individuals.MATERIAL: For the electromyographic tests we used a K6-I electromyograph, which allowed us to calculate the average electromyographic activity generated by each one of the muscles monitored, in registers of 15 seconds in length.RESULTS: There are significant differences in the means and medians of both groups. The asymmetry index variable discriminates the individuals that belong to each group.CONCLUSIONS: The results of the comparative study indicated that muscular asymmetry is more pronounced in dysfunctional patients. However, the discrimination capacity of the Asymmetry Index variable should be combined with that of other electromyographicvariables in order for it to be used as a diagnostic criteria in Cranio-Mandibular Dysfunctions.

52. Ardizone I, Aneiros F, Sanchez T. Influence of the Splint Therapy on Muscle Function and on Mandibular Kinetics in the Treatment of a Patient with Malocclusion and Severe Temporomandibular Disorders. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):330.
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    Title in English:	Influence of the Splint Therapy on Muscle Function and on Mandibular Kinetics in the Treatment of a Patient with Malocclusion and Severe Temporomandibular Disorders
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	SPLINTS TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS + therapy MALOCCLUSION + therapy
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: Despite the most recent changes in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders, the relaxation splint is still the most employed therapeutic variety.Some authors, however, have doubts about its actions on neuromuscular function and suspect that its effectiveness is onlydue to psychological factors and placebo effect. AIM: In this study an attempt was made to study the neuromuscular response of the stomatognathic apparatus in a temporomandibular disorder patient during splint therapy in order to evaluate its therapeutic effectiveness.MATERIAL AND METHODS:We performed a clinical examination, occlusal analysis and electromyographic and kinesiographic tests in a patient with bruxism, malocclusion and severe temporomandibular disorder, in order to compare the results with those obtained after twomonths of splint treatment. For this purpose we used a K6I electromyograph and kinesiograph device, the Helkimo test and a Dentatus ARL articulator.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After two months wearing the splint, the patient reports symptomatic improvement. Joint and muscle pain are reduced. The study of the mandibular kinetics shows a wider range of movements and less deviation of the midline in opencloserecordings. Electromyography shows an improvement of masseter muscle function in clenching and chewing tests and a decrease of temporalis muscle hypertonicity in the mandibular rest position. Furthermore, the function of all the muscles explored, despite the lateral crossbite malocclusion, is more symmetrical.

53. Kovač Z, Kovačević I, Grzić R, Delić Z, Borčić J. Anterior Tooth Relationship in Cuspid Protected and Group Function Occlusion. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):331.
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    Title in English:	Anterior Tooth Relationship in Cuspid Protected and Group Function Occlusion
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL OCCLUSION
    Abstract:	OBJECTIVE OF INVESTIGATION: The aim of the study was to determine anterior tooth relationship (overbite and overjet) according to the type of occlusion (canine guided, group function).METHODS: A total of 111 test subjects (56 men and 55 women, mean 23.9 years of age) were examined, and it was determined that they have occlusional conception. The relationship of the front teeth in the position of maximum intercuspidation was evaluated by a portable meter.RESULTS: By analysing the obtained results of vertical overjet and horizontal overbite of the front teeth, we concluded that there was significant statistic difference in the amount of the vertical overjet with regard to occlusional conception (t=6.669, p=0.00001). Average value of the vertical overjet in examinees with occlusion leadby the canine was 2.22+0.09 mm, while in examinees with group function it was 1.58+0.26 mm. No significant statistical difference was found by analysing vertical overjet with regard to gender. No significant statistical difference between the groups was found by comparing the results of horizontal overbite of frontal teeth with regard to occlusional concepcion and gender. Average value of horizontal overjet was 1.62+0.29 mm.CONCLUSION: Subjects with canine guided occlusion have significantly and statistically bigger overjet of frontal teeth.

54. Kleinrok M, Litka M, Piorkowska B, Weglowska A, Kuziola A, Kostrzewa M. Condylar Displacement in Patient with Compound TMJ Disc Displacement in the Frontal Plane on Tomograms. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):331.
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    Title in English:	Condylar Displacement in Patient with Compound TMJ Disc Displacement in the Frontal Plane on Tomograms
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS MANDIBULAR CONDYLE + pathology TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISC + pathology
    Abstract:	Condylar displacement on TMJ tomograms taken in the intercuspal position in the frontal plane is a phenomenon described in the literature. However, there is no research on the reason for these disturbances. Introducing MR imaging for TMJ investigation has created new possibilities to explain this phenomenon. 34 TMJ tomograms were taken in 17 patients with TMJ disc displacement inthe frontal plane. In 17 (50%) TMJs lateral and in 17 (50%) TMJs medial disc displacement on the basis of MR imaging was diagnosed. The tomograms facililated diagnosis of lateral displacement of the condyles in 15 (44%) TMJs, medial displacement in 3 (9%) TMJs and in the remaining 16 (47%) TMJs superior central condylar displacement.

55. Pordes-Kotowska M, Szczerbaniewicz B, Split W. Evaluation of the Occlusal Conditions in Patients with and without Dysfunction of the Masticatory Apparatus. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):331-2.
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    Title in English:	Evaluation of the Occlusal Conditions in Patients with and without Dysfunction of the Masticatory Apparatus
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL OCCLUSION STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM + pathology
    Abstract:	The aim of the study was to ascertain whether there is any correlation between occlusal abnormalities with dysfunction of the masticatory apparatus. (DMA) 137 young people between 16-19 years of age were examined, including 57 with DMA and 80 without DMA. The diagnosis was established with the agreement of the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria and directories ofthe American Academy of Orofacial Pain. (AAOP). The occlusal conditions were evaluated with the help of the computer aided system T-Scan II (Tekscan, Inc, Boston, USA). According to this method occlusal point contacts (premature contacts) were evaluated at the beginning of the occlusion (centric relation-CR). At this time percentage distribution of the relative net force between teethwere determined. Teeth contacts with the maximum rel ative force along the dental arch were also recorded. In this way premature traumatic contacts were determined. There were also evaluated areas of support for the particular teeth or groups of the teeth in the maximum intercuspal position (MIP). The center of occlusal forces(COF) in MIP were then recorded. Finally percentage distribution of the values of the resultant occlusal force moments, acting on both sides of the dental arch, were evaluated. As normal differences in these values less than 9 % between bothsides of the dental arch were accepted. The other groups were defined on the basis of the differences in the values of both sides of the dental arch inthe range: 10-19% as a satisfactory group, 20-29% as a moderate group, 30-39% as a high degree group and finally more than 40% as a very high degree group. The obtained results were submitted for statistical analysis. No correlations were found between occlusalabnormalities and DMA.

56. Sanchez T, Ardizone I, Echevarria B, Aneiros F. Overbite as an Etiological Factor of TMJ Disorders. Clinical and Electromyographic Exploration. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):332.
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    Title in English:	Overbite as an Etiological Factor of TMJ Disorders. Clinical and Electromyographic Exploration
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS + diagnosis MALOCCLUSION + complications ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: The intermaxillar relationship in overbite is one of the etiological factors of TMJ disorders (Pulinger, Sellingman and Gorbeirn, 1993). Nevertheless, it does not always cause malfunction. Sometimes the compensating mechanisms of the individual prevent the occurrence of symptoms and it only appears when parafunctional habit overloads the stomatognathic apparatus.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to escamine neuromuscular behaviour in patients with such occlusal alteration.MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present two cases with overbite: one bruxist with malfunction and one nonbruxist without symptoms of malfunction. An occlusal analysis and clinical, kinesiographic andelectromyographic exploration was performed in both patients. For the analysis we used a Dentatus A.R.L. articulator,Myotronics electromyograph and K6 kinesiograph.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of the exploration were compared with those of a healthy individual with normal occlusion, used as a reference. Lateral movements were restricted and with a mainly vertical component. In both cases there was an increase in electromyographic activity during normal mastication and swallowing, and in maximum force bite there was the same response betweenanterior temporalis and masseter muscles. The study demonstrated that the mandibular movements in both patients were very similar, and determined by the occlusal factor, in comparison to normal individuals. Nevertheless, the electromyographic exploration showsa different neuromuscular response by the patient adapted to this occlusal problem and the dysfunctional patient.

57. Ćelić R, Pandurić J, Badel T, Kraljević S, Dulčić N. Influence of Occlusal Interference on the Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):332.
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    Title in English:	Influence of Occlusal Interference on the Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL OCCLUSION TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS + epidemiology
    Abstract:	The significance of occlusal interference in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders has been questioned in numerous recent articles. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the clinical signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in a young male nonpatient population and to investigate a possible association between the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and occlusal interference. A questionnaire including data from history and clinical functionalexamination was used in the study. All subjects (a total of 230) were male (army recruits), of 19 to 28 years of age (mean 21.3). Temporomandibular joint clicking was reported in 91 subjects, temporomandibular joint pain on palpation and functional loading in 78 subjects, masticatory muscle pain on palpation and functional loading in 58 subjects, tension type headache in 30 subjects, andmandibular deviation on opening and closing movements greater than 2 mm in 43 subjects. The prevalence of occlusal interference in percentage in 230 young adults, 65% had no occlusal interference during examination of the functional state of occlusion, while 14%subjects had centric slide between centric relation and maximum intercuspation, 5% subjects had working side interference and16% subjects had non-working side interference during lateral and protrusive mandibular movements. Clinical signs and symptoms were correlated with occlusal interference, although their correlation cannot be considered unique or dominant in definition of a temporomandibular disorder population.

58. Uhač I, Kovač Z, Šimunović M, Delić Z, Kovačević D, Gržić R. The Relation Between Occlusion and Temporomandibular Joint Sounds. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):333.
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    Title in English:	The Relation Between Occlusion and Temporomandibular Joint Sounds
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL OCCLUSION TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT + physiology TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS + etiology
    Abstract:	The etiology of the occurrence of sounds and the role of occlusion, has not yet been entirely clarified.OBJECTIVE OF INVESTIGATION: The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of occlusal relationships on the occurrence of sounds in the TMJ.METHODS: A group of 100 subjects, aged from 24 to 52 years (X=35.03) was examined. The existence of sounds was registered by means of a clinical examination and auscultation by stethoscope and classified according to character in click or crepitation. The number ofteeth, the number of teeth in occlusion, type of occlusion (canine guided occlusion, group function and balanced occlusion) was determined by clinical examination. Overbite and overjet were measured. RCP position was determined by chin-point technique, and fixing by Lucia-jig.The sliding from RCP to IKP position was determined in the anteroposterior, vertical and latero-lateral direction. A precise calliper was used to measure movement.RESULTS: 29% of the subjects had a clinically determined sound, in 27% it was click, and in 2% it was crepitation. The Pearson test analysis showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05) only for the occurence of crepitation in relation to the number of teeth, number ofteeth in occlusion and overjet. The same was confirmedby analysi s of variance (ANOVA).CONCLUSION: Overjet, difference in the position of RCP-ICP sliding from RCP into ICP, and type of occlusion, i.e. mediotrusion interference, do not have an influence on the occurrence of sound in the TMJ. A reduction in the number of teeth and the number of teeth in occlusion, have an influence on the occurrence.

59. Sanchez T, Ardizone I, Aneiros F, Del Rio J. Electromiograph Parameters in Thedysfunctional Patient with Open Bite. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):333.
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    Title in English:	Electromiograph Parameters in Thedysfunctional Patient with Open Bite
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OPEN BITE
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: Open bite is an occlusal problem that appears in 0.5% of the population, and is more frequent in women. There is correlation between open bite and dysfunctional syndrome with TMJ disorders.AIM OF THE STUDY: We attempted to analyze muscular parameters in patients with open bite treated with an occlusal splint by EMG recordings.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Myotronics K6 electromiograph can provide information in the following situations: maximum force bite, lateral and protrusion movements, with and without an occlusal splint.RESULTS: In maximum force bite with the occlusal splint more activity was found in the elevator muscles with a lack of dygastric activity. There was less EMG activity in protrusive and lateralmovements with occlusal splint.CONCLUSION: With better support between the dental arches (occlusal splint) more activity was obtained in the elevators when biting, and when interferences were eliminated activity in the contralateral muscles was reduced.

60. Borčić J, Anić I, Muhvić Urek M, Kovač Z, Dorčić D, Antonić R. Influence of the Type of Occlusionn on the Occurrence of Noncarious Cervical Lesion. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):333-4.
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    Title in English:	Influence of the Type of Occlusionn on the Occurrence of Noncarious Cervical Lesion
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL OCCLUSION DENTAL CARIES + epidemiology ROOT CARIES
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: The term 'noncarious cervical lesions’ (NCCL) stands to indicate the loss of hard tissue at the tooth cervix. This loss can be caused by different physical and/or chemical agents. One of the causes of NCCL can be occlusal stress, which lead to toothflexureand loss of enamel at the cervical area. In different types of occlusion there are numerous lateral eccentric movements that can cause NCCL. The purpose of this study was to determine differencesin the frequency of NCCLs between patients with different occlusal conception.METHODS AND RESULTS: The study involved 815 persons over the age of 10 years, chosen at random. The cervical third of the vestibular surface of the upper and lower teeth was clinically examined. NCCLs were measured with plus and minus. The type of occlusal conception was established by clinical examination and classified as canine guidance, group function and combinedocclusion. The results showed that the NCCLs were equally participatein both sexes, and in all three types of occlusion (Chi-square values were 1.96, df=2, p>0.05).CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the frequency of NCCLs between patients with different occlusal.

61. Valentić-Peruzović M, Illeš D, Alajbeg IZ, Babara M, Čelebić A, Juros V. The EMG Activty of Masticatory Muscles During Different Chewing Tasks. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):334.
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    Title in English:	The EMG Activty of Masticatory Muscles During Different Chewing Tasks
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	ELECTROMYOGRAPHY MASTICATORY MUSCLES + physiology MASTICATION
    Abstract:	Mastication is a highly coordinated neuromuscular function that involves fast effective movements of the jaw and continuous modulation of muscle force. To understand the relationship between muscles during mastication it is necessary to know the position and direction of movement of the mandible.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four young healthy adults, age ranged 17 to 27, participated in this study. They were chosen among dental students of School of Dental Medicine University in Zagreb and had to be free of sign and symptoms of TMD. Surface EMG recordings were obtained from left and right anterior temporal muscle, left and right masseter muscle and from left and right digastric muscle on the 8 channel PC based EMGA-1, apparatus for simultaneous recording of myoelectrical activity (6 differential EMGchannels, input impedance 100 MW, CMRR> 95 dB at 50 Hz, bandwidth 2 Hz-1 kHz, programmable input sensitivity from 100mVpp to 20 mVpp, an 8 bit resolution A/D conversion, 2 kHz sampling rate) - occlusal sound (2 audio channels), specially designed and developed for the purpose of kinesyological examinations of stomatognathic system’s function. The disc electrodes (Ag/AgCl,diameter 10 mm) were placed 2 cm apart in the main direction of the muscle fibres.RESULTS:1. Main effect of factor "functional movement" was significant at p<0.01, and values were the highest for gum chewing, and the lowest for empty chewing except fordigastric musclewhich had lowest values at continuous isometric contraction.2. Main effect of factor “muscles” was significant at p<0.01 for all muscles involved, values were similar for the same muscles on left and right side.3. Main effect of factor “time” was statistically significant p<0.05 for all cases showing decreasing trends except in last minute duringfunctional movements.4. Interactions between factors “functional movement” and “time” were present at significance p<0.01.

62. Alajbeg IZ, Valentić-Peruzović M, Illeš D, Alajbeg I[, Knezović-Zlatarić D. Electromyographic Evaluation of the Influence of Denture Adhesive on Retention and Stability of Complete Dentures. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):334-5.
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    Title in English:	Electromyographic Evaluation of the Influence of Denture Adhesive on Retention and Stability of Complete Dentures
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	ELECTROMYOGRAPHY DENTURE RETENTION
    Abstract:	Improving retention and stability of complete dentures is of considerable interest in prosthetic dentistry. Approaches to this problem over the years have included overdentures, implants and denture adhesives. Although denture adhesives are widely used, there are few quantitative data on the effects of an adhesive on denture retention and stability during normal functional activities. The purpose of this investigation was to study the influence of denture adhesive on the surface EMG activity of the masticatory muscles in a sample of complete denture wearers. In this study 6 denture wearers were investigated. Surface EMG recordings were obtained from left and right anterior temporal and masseter muscle and from the sub-mandibular group in the region of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle on the left and right side. Data were recorded during standardized jaw positions that included clenching in the position of maximal intercuspation of teeth (at 100%, 50% and 25% of the maximum activity), lateral eccentric positions, maximal lateraleccentric positions, protrusion, maximal protrusion and wide opening. The results demonstrated higher digastric muscle activity in protrusion with the teeth at an edge-toedge position after the use of adhesive (p<0.05). In the laterotrusive position, after the use of adhesive, the working side elevator muscles activities increased, although without any statistical significance (p>0.05). This investigation demonstrated that patients were able to produce greaterlevels of muscle activity in protrusive and laterotrusive positions with the use of adhesive.

63. Valentić-Peruzović M, Illeš D, Alajbeg IZ. Measurement of Factors Influence Mandibular Function in Dental Students in Croatia. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):335.
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    Title in English:	Measurement of Factors Influence Mandibular Function in Dental Students in Croatia
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	MASTICATION
    Abstract:	The aim of this study was to measure main variables influencing mandibular function-movements of mandible during chewing, speech and breathing. Measurements taken were: vertical and horizontal overlap of central incisives, side shift from centric relation (CR) to maximal intercuspation (MI) measured in the sagittal and frontalplain, maximal mouth opening, maximal mouth opening using force, maximal dextrotrusion and sinistrotrusion. Method used included the same number of subjects and examiners. This was achieved by educating final year dental students before the measurement took place. They were both examiners and subjects for each other. Comparison of this method to single examiner and multipleexperienced examiner methods revealed no statistically different results. Measurements were divided by gender, dental status, and the number of signs and symptoms related to temporomandibular dysfunctions (TMD) that were then statistically analyzed. There were no significant differences between the results of this study and findings in current literature.

64. Suljak A, Prčić A, Vuković A, Ajanović M. The Centric Relation of the Mandible Represented by Computer Aided Graphic Models - the Aspect of the Basic Line of the Temporomandibular Joint. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):335.
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    Title in English:	The Centric Relation of the Mandible Represented by Computer Aided Graphic Models - the Aspect of the Basic Line of the Temporomandibular Joint
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	CENTRIC RELATION TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT + physiology
    Abstract:	A large number of the research carried out on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been related to the interrelation between the articular surfaces within the joint. Research was done on conserved skulls. The results obtained show that the articular surface of the condyle, in the position of the centric relation, regarding the upper surface, has a retruded position. The results of current research differ. The aim of the research was to perform accurate osteometry of the joint bone structure, tranfer the obtained data into the computer and with the aid of compute aided three dimensional analyses, to arrive at certain conclusions. The basic line of the TMJ was used as a reference point. The main task of the research was to discover another possible reference line, connecting the midpointsof the front and the back edge of the temporal bone articular surface. The basic line of the TMJ was found as a new reference line. The research results of the interrelation of the TMJ surfaces are represented by the computer aided graphic model. Two software application packages, AutoCAD and Euclid were used for the graphicanalysis. Based on the obtained results, the computer algorithm was needed to enable connection of the reference points in space using mathematical laws. The retroposition of the top of condyle could not be seen.

65. Sinmazisik G, Aydin M. The Effects of Investment Expansions on Soldering. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):336.
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    Title in English:	The Effects of Investment Expansions on Soldering
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL CASTING INVESTMENT DENTAL SOLDERING
    Abstract:	The investments used in the soldering procedure should provide a good soldering connection without causing any dimensional changes. In this research, the influence of investments with different expansions on the investment soldering procedures was investigated. For this purpose, following the preparation of the experimentalmodels which represented the abutment teeth, standard bridge restorations were fabricated. After placing bridge restorations onto the abutment teeth, 10 kilograms of standard force was applied for setting the restorations and marginal openings were measured fromsix fixed points. The bridge restorations, which were subjected to standard separations, were divided into three groups and embedded in the investment block by using investments with different thermal expansions. The samples were then soldered by preheating + torch technique and marginal openings of each bridge prosthesis at the sixpredetermined measuring points were evaluated and recorded. The marginal opening values before and after the soldering and the differences between them were statistically analyzed. In pre-ceramic soldering of base metal alloys, the usage of special soldering investments with low thermal expansion cannot compensate for the expansion of metal during the soldering process and therefore causesthe soldering space to shorten and leads to dimensional changes in the prosthesis.

66. Örtorp A, Jemt T, Bäck T, Jälevik T. Comparison of Precision of Fit Between Cast and Computer Numeric Controlled Milled Titanium Implant Frameworks for the Edentulous Mandible. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):336.
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    Title in English:	Comparison of Precision of Fit Between Cast and Computer Numeric Controlled Milled Titanium Implant Frameworks for the Edentulous Mandible
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL CASTING TECHNIQUE TITANIUM DENTAL IMPLANTS
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: Titanium frameworks have for the last decade been discussed as an option to conventional gold alloy castings in implant dentistry. So far no reports have been made to show milled titanium frameworks and their difference in precision compared to conventional castings, and how laboratory handling andfusing of veneers to the titanium frames affect the precision of fit.PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the precision of fabrication in repeatedly produced Computer Numeric Controlled milled frameworks with conventional castings, and to analyze the distortion from application of different veneering materials (porcelain and acrylic resin veneers).MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty identical titanium frameworks were fabricated by means of a Computer Numeric Controlled milling technique for one and the same master model. Five conventional frameworks were cast as a control group to the same model. Theframes were measured with regard to fit in a coordinate measuring machine linked to a computer. Measurements were made during different stages of handling of the titanium framework, and after veneering materials had been applied.RESULTS: The Computer Numeric Controlled frameworks showed a statistically (p<0.05) better fit and precision of fabrication compared to conventional castings. The application of veneering material did not statistically (p>0.05) affect the fit of the titanium frameworks.CONCLUSION: It is possible to fabricate implant supported titanium frameworks by means of the present Computer Numeric Controlled technique with very high precision and repeatability.

67. Kraljević S, Pandurić J, Badel T, Dulčić N. Regisration and Measurement of Right and Left Mediotrusion by Using the Method of Electronic Axiography. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):337.
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    Title in English:	Regisration and Measurement of Right and Left Mediotrusion by Using the Method of Electronic Axiography
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	JAW RELATION RECORD
    Abstract:	PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to register and measure lower jaw movements and to analyse the measured length of maximal right and left mediotrusion movement in asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A symptomatic group consisted of 51 subjects with temporomandibular disorders. A control group consisted of 43 subjects without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders. In the symptomatic group of subjects signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were crepitation, bruxism, sensitivity, pain in the temporomandibularjoint and muscles, as well as pain and sensitivity in the region surround and anterior to the ear, together with difficulties while opening the mouth. Each subject was registered by the GAMMA CADIAX system for registration of positions and movement of the lower jaw, which consist of a convetional SAM axiograph, electronic device for drawing of curves with a computer.RESULTS. No significant differences were found between the groups of subject for the measured variables. CONCLUSION. The results of the length of the mandibular and condyle movements are important, alhough unreliable indicators of temporomandibular join function. Description analysis of a graphic recording of mandibular and TMJ movement remains a precise evaluation method for determination of TMJ dysfunction.

68. Celemin Vinuela A, Martinez Vazquez de Parga J, Del Rio Highsmith J, Del Rio Highsmith L. Clinical Assessment of All in One Framework for Partial Implant-Supported Prosthesis. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):337.
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    Title in English:	Clinical Assessment of All in One Framework for Partial Implant-Supported Prosthesis
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: Restoration by implant-supported prosthesis seems to be a current option in the treatment of partially edentulous patients. Its success depends on the passive fit of the framework. Searching for new manufacturing materials and techniques to solve these problems, dental companies, combining clinical and experimental research, offer different solutions, such as Nobel Biocare, the “all in one” system, which is a framework designed by CAD/CAM.AIM OF PRESENTATION: Clinical and radiographical assessment of the passive fit of the titanium framework computer designed for partially edentulous patients.The case presented is that of an adult patient, partially edentulous.The definite impression taking was carried out, using the IRStechnique (Implant Reposition Splint), to obtain the working cast. The dental laboratory performed the setting of artificial teeth in wax and acrylic framework. Placed inside the patient's mouth for verification, and computer scanned to digitize its design. After data processing, titanium milling was performed. The passive fit was checked clinically by the Sheffield test. Subsequently, radiographs were taken with the parallel technique to check the adjustment. Using the patient's subjective assessment any type of pain or symptoms indicating the existence of tension between the framework and implants is recorded. The procedure ended with theapplication of a ceramic coating of Triceram.CONCLUSION: Good results of such frameworks are predictable at functional level, but more investigations are necessary to ensure that their use is a guideline for building partial frameworks.

69. Banos MA, Martinez JA. Clinical Evaluation of the Osteointegration. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):337-8.
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    Title in English:	Clinical Evaluation of the Osteointegration
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	OSSEOINTEGRATION
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: The treatment of the complete or partially edentulous patient with a prothesis supported by dental implants is a procedure with high predictability. Themost important factor is the osteointegration of the implant.AIM OF PRESENTATION: Analysis of the clinical methods of evaluation of the osteointegration.DESCRIPTION: The method most commonly used is the intraoral radiograph that allows us to study the level of the bone and to identify radiolucencies around the implant. This technique will be modified by the quality of the X-ray image, the range of the optical system of humans, subjective interpretation and the problem of quantifying. The X-ray is not enough. Digital X-ray systems provide some advantages such us lower exposure to radiation, the possibility of modifying images, measuring lengths and angles, and densitometric studies. The resonance frequency analysis syste(Osstell) is a technique that evaluates the stability of the interface bone-implant. Used when connecting the abutments, it shows us the degree of osteointegration (protocols of early loading).

70. Hayashi S, Shibuya K, Toyoda M, Weber H. Research into the Rretention Force of Electroformed Secondary Bar. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):338.
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    Title in English:	Research into the Rretention Force of Electroformed Secondary Bar
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE RETENTION
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: Electroformed metals are known to present good adaptability and biocompatibilities, but it is not yet known if the retention force of the electroformed secondary bar frame (ESBF) can endure long use. To clarify this point, the retention force between the primary cast bar and ESBF were measured.MATERIAL AND METHODS: An edentulous model was prepared and four implants (Frialit 2) were embedded. The fabrication of the primary bar was cast from pure titanium. We coated the completed titanium bar with silver lacquer and applied 0.3mm thick electrodeposite. The ESBF was attached to the cast titanium primary bar, cyclical tests performed for 15000 cycles and the retentionforce measured each time. The retention forces were measured in 37°C distilled water .RESULTS: The retention force value dropped as the number of reseating increased. It was 22N after 1000, 19N after 5000, 18N after 10000 and 16N after 15000 cycles. The hysteresis curve indicated that the resistance during cyclical testing was constant and stable up until the completion of 15000 cycles.CONCLUSION: The results confirmed that the retention force dropped gradually as the number of cycles increased, but that the stress imposed on the implants due to attaching and removal was low. This may be due to the excellent adaptation accuracy. In the case when repetition of attaching and removing for a long period is considerered,we need an attachment to enable the provision of a stable retention force Supported by Wieland Edelmetalle.

71. Kobler P, Pandurić J, Knežević G, Macan D, Katanec D, Jerolimov V, Košanski M. Implanto-Prosthetic Rehabilitation of the Mandible by Means of Two Implants. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):338-9.
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    Title in English:	Implanto-Prosthetic Rehabilitation of the Mandible by Means of Two Implants
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED REHABILITATION
    Abstract:	Edentulousness is a considerable problem in Croatia. So far prevention has not become the most important part of the dental profession. On the other hand,poor medical knowledge, reduced rights concerning health insurance costs as well as an increasing number of impoverished people in Croatia has resulted in postponed prosthetic rehabilitation. For the above mentioned reasons the Croatian people suffer from premature loss of their teeth. Also lower jaw atrophy occurs, which makes prosthetic rehabilitation even more difficult to achieve. In spite of some disadvantages, the double-implant borne prosthetic suprastructure has proved to be a simpleand good solution to the patient's problem, mainly because it is cost-effective. This particularly applies to Croatia patients. Over the last five years we have placed double -implants in 26 patients, in the anterior region of the mandible. The implants were placed in the region of the lower canine or slightly more mesially. Severe atrophywas determined in 13 patients (50%) which impeded their complete denture wearing even before the implant placement started. However, we made up for the loss in two patients by placing the implants again. This time we placed them slightly more mesially.We made one borne implant complete denture for one patient because the examination revealed severe atrophy in one segment of his mandible. In addition since the osseointegration prognosis for this patient was questionable we decided against any additional surgical treatment. Since the belts of the attached gingiva in our patients were wide enough and the diameters of the implants were not very long, no vestibuloplasty was necessary. We installedITI, IMZ, ASTRA and Ankylos implants. All systems proved to be equally functional.

72. Contreras MJ, Del Rio J, Balda M. Electromiograph Study of Patient Treated with Overdentures Retined with Implants. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):339.
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    Title in English:	Electromiograph Study of Patient Treated with Overdentures Retined with Implants
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	ELECTROMYOGRAPHY DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: Long Term edentulous patients present severe bone loss in their alveolar ridges, as a consequence there is serious compromise in esthetics and function. A therapeutic alternative which we can offer to these patients is an overdenture retined with dental implants, in order to improve retention and stability.AIM OF THE WORK: The aim of the study was to determine by electromiography whether the muscular groups involved in masticatory function present any special activity in patients treated with overdentures retined with dental implants.MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected ten complete edentulous patients with inferior overdentures retined with two implants and a bar.Myotronics K6-I with eight channels, and registration of anterior and posterior temporalis muscle maseter and dygastric muscles.We performed recordings in rest positions and maximum force bite.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results obtained indicate an increase in activity in the rest position of the posterior temporalis group.

73. Knezović-Zlatarić D, Čelebić A, Pandurić J. ITI Implant-Supported Dentures: Assesment of Peri-Implant Bone Changes. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):339.
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    Title in English:	ITI Implant-Supported Dentures: Assesment of Peri-Implant Bone Changes
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
    Abstract:	Mandibular overdentures, supported by osseointegrated implants, is a well established, successful treatment of partialy edentulous patients. The aim of the study was to analyse the bone mineral density (BMD) in the implant site of the mandibles with ITI implant-supported overdentures when compared with the same site of the edentulous mandibles in complete denture wearers. Eight patients (4 males, 4 females) with 16 ITI implants and overdentures in the mandible and 8 complete denture wearers (4 males, 4 females) who had approximately the same body mass index and the same age participated. The BMD measurements were performed on digitised periapical radiographs with a 10 steps copper stepwedge attached to each film. Grey levels of each step of the stepwedge were transformed to optical density values and using the 3rd degree polynomial the regression formula was calculated for each film. The BMD values of each measured region of interest (ROI) were expressed in the copper stepwedge thickness equivalents. BMD values of the ROIs close to the implant were statistically comparedto the same ROIs in the edentulous mandible using t test for independent samples. BMD values were significantly higher in ITI implant ROIs compared to the matching edentulous mandible sites (p<0.05). We concluded that an increased function after the implant-overdenture treatmentcaused a load-related bone formation which minimizes the physiologic age-related mandibular BMD loss.Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Croatia, Project No. 065911.

74. Stojčević I, Carek V. Speech Articulation in Patients Wearing Removable Partial Dentures. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):340.
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    Title in English:	Speech Articulation in Patients Wearing Removable Partial Dentures
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE, PARTIAL + adverse effects SPEECH ARTICULATION DISORDERS
    Abstract:	Foreign body in the oral cavity (dental prostheses) necessarily interfere with speech. Changes in anatomic and functional characteristics of the oral cavity may affect speech articulation. The purpose of this study was to show eventual differences in pronunciation of some sibilant nd s and palatal sounds. We tested three groups: subjects with removable partial dentures, the same group without removable partial dentures and a control group - students with complete dental arch with no prosthodontic treatmentor evidence of skeletal jaw discrepancy. Examination was performed on 30 subjects who had been wearing removable partial dentures in the upper and/or lower jaw and on 30 subjects in the control group. At the time of examination the prosthetic devices were 2 to 26 days old and with regard to aesthetics, retention, stability and functionsatisfactory, according to professional standards. Subjects read six single words containing sibilant and palatal sounds in the initial word position, apart from sound c which was in the medial word position. The voice was recorded on minidisk (Sony MD, MZ-1) and analyzedwith Multispech Program - LPC. Analysis software. This acoustic analysis gave us peaks in the first 4 formants for each investigated sound, their bandwidths and intensity. It is reasonable to assume that subjects with removable partial dentures will probably have more problems with producing sound because of short adaptation period forgaining complete speech adaptation. The same subjects without removable partial dentures will probably have much more accurate sounds production because of long term speech adaptation due to gradual tooth loss.

75. Sierpinska T, Pakiela G, Golebiewska M. Relationship Between Masticatory Efficiency and Occlusal Parameters Established in T-Scan II System. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):340.
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    Title in English:	Relationship Between Masticatory Efficiency and Occlusal Parameters Established in T-Scan II System
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	MASTICATION DENTAL OCCLUSION
    Abstract:	The aim of this investigation was to establish possible correlation between parameters of occlusion and masticatory efficiency.MATERIAL: Data were obtained in 15 healthy persons, 23-31 years of age (mean 25 years) with correct own dentition and without any disturbances of the stomatognathic system.METHODS: Masticatory efficiency was measured using Optosil test modified by Slagter et al. after 20 and 80 cycles of chewing. It the time of chewing for 20 and 80 cycles of chewing was also established. Analysis of occlusion was made using T-scan II computerized system. Registration of occlusion was obtained before measuring masticatory efficiency after 20 and 80 cycles ofchewing. Statistical analysis was made and p<0.05 was statistically significant.RESULTS: The time of chewing for 20 cycles and for 80 cycles respectively, mean 16 s +/- 3.0, and 55.6s +/- 9.5) reduction of particle size was about 1.5 mm. Time to maximal force ofpressure was shorter when chewing was longer. Maximal force of pressure for a unit of deflection indicator surface was higher after chewing. Share of sides of the teeth arch was about 59 per cent in all measurements.Maximal force of pressure for a unit of deflection indicator surface was correlated with the time of chewing for 20 cycles of chewing (p <0.05). Correlation of time from the first contact of teeth to maximal force of pressure and maximal force of pressure for a unit of deflection indicator surface was statistically significant for 80 cycles .There was no evident correlation between values of X50 and occlusal parameters established in computerizedanalysis.CONCLUSION: Chewing ability is correla ted with occlusion although this relationship is not significant.

76. Spieckermann J, Böning K, Walter M. Media Use for Professional Information Among German Dentists. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):341.
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    Title in English:	Media Use for Professional Information Among German Dentists
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	EDUCATION, DENTAL
    Abstract:	OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to assess the media use for professional information among German dentists on the basis of a representative survey.METHODS: After questionnaire development and pretests, 3000 questionnaires were mailed to German dentists in early October 2000. The random sample was taken by systematic sampling from the database of the German Federal Dentists Chamber. The survey wasannounced in a German Dental Journal (Zahn‰rztliche Mitteilungen).RESULTS: The return rate amounted to 28.9% (n=866). Among the questioned dentists, 39.7% had an Internet access in their workplace / practice, 61.4% a private access at home. 46% used the Internet not at all as a source of information. 21.3% for up to an hour a week and 10.2% for more than an hour a week. The importance of the Internet as a source of information is given as highby 30.5% of respondents, 49.1% said its importance was average and 15.3% saw it as low, 5.1% didn't answer this question. The preference for mediation of scientific information were given as shown in the table below (percentage of high importance):Journal-supplements 74%, Mail 63%, Advanced education 55%,Internet 40%, E-mail 33%, Modules in the practice software 20%.CONCLUSION: With a rather low return-rate, this study has only an explorative character. Although a high availability of the Internet in the private area was present, the possibilities of electronic procurement of information were used only cautiously. For the supply of overview works or statements, conventional means suchas the post or publication in journals are preferred over electronic media. This study was supported by the German Society of Dentistry and Oral Medicine.

77. Krajewska M, Sajewicz M, Split W. Oromandibular Dysfunction Among Dental Students. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):341.
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    Title in English:	Oromandibular Dysfunction Among Dental Students
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS
    Abstract:	The aim of the study was to determine frequency of oromandibular dysfunction among dental students. A total of 186 second and third year students (131 women and 55 men) aged 19-31 years (M=23) were examined, using the Gerber System instrumental technique. Oromandibular dysfunction was diagnosed according to IHS andAAOP criteria. T-TH was found in 58% of students, occlusal parafunction in 58%, non-occlusal parafunction in 84%. Tooth numbness occurred in 20% of subjects, masticatory muscle soreness on palpation in 28%, muscle hypertrophy in 14%. TMJ acoustic sounds were noticed in 55% of students, TMJ pain in 31%, limitedmandibular movement while opening the mouth in 37%. All students examined had premature occlusal contacts, they were asymmetric in 98%. Oromandibular dysfunction was diagnosed in 79%, 21% of which had 6 or more dysfunction signs and symptoms, 19% had only one or two of them. The Eysenck personality questionnaire, additionally used in the study, revealed different types of personalities among students. Conclusion: Oromandibular dysfunction symptoms were observed in most ofstudents. They should be associated with school induced stress and not with the personality type of the subjects examined.

78. Nagel F. Regenerative Dentistry - a Preliminary Study on Tooth Germs of the Mouse. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):341-2.
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    Title in English:	Regenerative Dentistry - a Preliminary Study on Tooth Germs of the Mouse
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	REGENERATIVE MEDICINE TOOTH GERM
    Abstract:	OBJECTIVES: One of the most important bases in regenerative dentistry is the understanding of cell differentiation of the tooth germ. The preliminary study comprises the following: 1. micropreparation of tooth germs of the mouse and 2. cell examination after different periods of defined cell cultivation.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The tooth germs were gently removed from mice under the microscope by means of micropreparation techniques. All of the germs were embedded in agar, positioned on Millipore Filters and cultivated over 14 and 21 days in a chemicallydefined medium. For microscopic examination the germs were fixed, cut and stained with Giemsa- Romanowski and HE.RESULTS: A cell layer on the Millipore Filters formed, which onginated either from dental pulp or from the outer enamel epithelium. Cells from the cell periphery appeared oblong with broad intermembranous areas. In the cell center the closely closed-up cells exhibited cubic cell form. After 14 days the cell nucleus appeared round and light blue after staining with Giemsa-Romanowski. In contrast, after 21 days a dark stained nucloeplasma was identified in the cells.CONCLUSION: The results agree with previous studies on which tooth germs can be cultivated successfully in vitro. After the first observations the tooth germs did not show temporally co-ordinated growth and no differentiation as under in vivo conditions. A substantial reason for this lies in the lack of knowledge of the accurate environmental conditions necessery in vitro. With the celllayer on the Milliopore Filters described here, the possibility of further investigations of cell differentiation exists.

79. Popa S. Temporary Composite Bonding Fixed Bridges. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):342.
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    Title in English:	Temporary Composite Bonding Fixed Bridges
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE, PARITAL, FIXED, RESIN-BONDED
    Abstract:	Esthetic composite bonding technique has had a great impact in the area of fixed prosthodontics, following the conservative techiques that are proving mainly successful in the replacing of a single tooth.In this way single anterior missing tooth are usually replaced. Further developments included efforts to increase the resistance of the bonding materials to cohesive fracture by the use of class III type preparations at the proximal surfaces of abutment teeth. With the current availability of visible - light - cured composite materials, these can be used efficiently to fabricate any of the all - resin bonded protheses.To use a bonded pontic in such applications a number of conditions must be met. First, the patient must understand the limitation of the restorations: lack of strength, and inability to function as a natural tooth. Second, the patient's occlusion must be favorable: positive posterior occlusal support, absence of parafunctional habits and eccentric pattern of movement that permitsthe sharing of guidance responsibility by teeth not involved in the units of the bridge, particularly with respect to protrusive and lateral protrusive mandibular movements. The materials and techiques required to prepare and insert an all - resin bonded bridge are described and illustrated in the paper.

80. Hubalkova H, Charvat J, Dostalova T, Kucerova H. Two Years Retrospective Study of Metalceramic Crowns with Nickelchromium Alloy. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):342-3.
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    Title in English:	Two Years Retrospective Study of Metalceramic Crowns with Nickelchromium Alloy
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	CROWNS METAL CERAMIC ALLOYS CHROMIUM ALLOYS
    Abstract:	Crown and bridge stability in the human mouth is not easy to evaluate. The structure and quality of crown materials are directly connected with the hardness and composition of the surface.The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term stability of 52 crowns (19 patients) made from ceramic material (Vita Omega, Vita) and nickelchromium ceramic bonding metal alloy (Wiron, Bego) in clinical practice. In accordance with the US Public Health ServiceSystem changes in occlusal anatomy, occlusal relief, marginal adaptation, material break age, changes of shape and color, were checked. Another objective of the study was to observe the two year clinical progress of attrition of crowns. Replica casts (Epoxy-die (Ivoclar) were prepared. A scanning electron microscope (JEOL ; JMS-5500 LV (JEOL) and standard model (Ivoclar - Williams) wereused to evaluate the quality of restoration. No changes in the shape and color were found, postop sensitivity was present in 1.9 %, and caries presence has been detected in 1.9 %. After two years the labial or buccal coronal margin was recorded as being at the levelofthe adjacent gingiva for 34.6 % of the 52 crowns placed and above the gingival margin for 65.4% of the crowns. Marginal adaptation was rated as contiguous with the existing anatomic form in 71.2 %. Gingival health varied from 0 to 2 CPITN index.Abrasion in fissures was visible in the scanning electron microscope. The cusps were well formed. Two fractures of the ceramic layer were observed. A significant increase in the position of the gingival margins was found,and varied from 45.0 μm to 108.3 μm vestibular 89.1 (SE12.1) to 63 μm oral (SE 7.0).

81. Lisjak D, Čurković L, Živko-Babić J, Jakovac M. Estimation of Wear Resistance in Acid Solution of Dental Ceramics by Neural Network. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):343.
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    Title in English:	Estimation of Wear Resistance in Acid Solution of Dental Ceramics by Neural Network
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL RESTORATION WEAR CERAMICS NEURAL NETWORKS
    Abstract:	It is known that exposure to acid causes damage to the glass surface. The aim of this study was to examine wear resistance, measuring the mass change of dental ceramics after contact with 10-3 mol dm-3 HCl at temperature of 50°C. Four samples of dental ceramics were analyzed: feldspatic ceramic, hydrothermal ceramic, glass ceramic for staining and glass ceramic for layering. The mass concentrations of eluted Na+, K+ and Ca2+ were determinedby ion chromatography (IC) and mass concentrations of Si4+ and Al3+ by UV/VIS spectrometry. Measurements were conducted after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months of emersion. For the subject issue, using experimental data, the feedforward backpropagation neural network for estimation of wear resistance of dental ceramics was modelled. The results of 1, 2 and 12 months of emersion were used for the training 13-20-5 model of neural network. Comparison of experimental data and data obtained by estimation (results of 3 and 6 month intervals) of neural network shows that the applied network model provided a very good prediction of wear behavior of dental ceramics with high correlation coefficient (R) and low sum ofsquared error (SSE) between measurement and estimated output values.

82. Cikač E. A Clinical Report of the Shaping of a Lateral Metal-Free Bridge Made of Vita In-Ceram Zirconia. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):343.
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    Title in English:	A Clinical Report of the Shaping of a Lateral Metal-Free Bridge Made of Vita In-Ceram Zirconia
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE, PARTIAL
    Abstract:	Because of some aesthetic imperfections and because metal is unsuitable for some patients, metal-free ceramic has been developed. A patient, 50 years old, is presented with a 6 year old faceted bridge on teeth 24, 25, 26, 27. The patient complained of thermal irritation in the cervical region. A clinical examination showed gingivitis and lack of hygiene. Between the toothsegment 26 and thecrown on 27 was a fracture, and the patient decided to have a new bridge made. A metal-free ceramic bridge made of Vita In-ceram zirconium was suggested as well as treatment of the periodontium by the Durr Vektor method. The teeth region 24 and 27 were anesthetized with local infiltration anesthetic. Silicone impression fora temporary bridge was taken. Using the separatory bur in the red contra angle Titan TE 200 crowns 24 and 27 were separated and pulled with special dental forceps. Before beginning the preparation it is necessary to put the retraction thread in two levels circularly round the stump in the gingival sulcus to prevent bleeding. The 2 mm ofthe tooth crown depth is marked by a diamond bur. Labial and palatal it is done with a special grooved diamond point LVS-1 with 1.2 mm grooves. The tooth is treated in the following order - occlusally, labially, approximately and palatally. At the same time a 0.5 mm rectangular step inside the sulcus is prepared. Finally the rims of thestep and the stump are treated with Titan Eva-head TK 14 with 0,4 working amplitude and a maximum of 6000 r.p.m. The final treatment with Arkansas stone follows. The thread is removed and the impression in the additional silicone or polyether is taken. The relation between the jaws is estimated with the silicone key. The acrylic temporary bridge is made directly in the mouth and is cemented with temporary cement. The ceramic-free constructionis cemented by adhesional technique.

83. Yuldashev I. The Context of Public Dental Health System Reform in the Kyrgyz Republic. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):344.
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    Title in English:	The Context of Public Dental Health System Reform in the Kyrgyz Republic
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL HEALTH SURVEYS PUBLIC HEALTH
    Abstract:	The Kyrgyz Republic - a newly formed independent country (of the former USSR) is situated in Central Asia, an area of 198.500sq. km., population 4.5 million. The capital is Bishkek - population 670.000.At the beginning of the 21 th century the state of dentistry is such that the country has 33 dental outpatient clinics (including one specialized pediatric clinic). There are 6 outpatient clinics and two maxillo-facial hospitals (55 beds for adults and 30 pediatric) in Bishkek. A total of 80 beds is reserved for maxillo-facial pathology in the Regional Hospitals. In 2000 the country had 1254 dental surgeons and 186 dentists (“zubnoy vrach”) (2.7 dental surgeons to 10 000 of the population). There is a Stomatological Faculty at the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy (with envolment of 50 students per year), Department of Stomatology at the Kyrgyz State Medical Institute forAdvanced and Postgraduate Training. The dental clinics are mostly governmental (only 3 dental Joint Stock companies). As wholly Public Health System dentistry is going to change from governmental to private. Governmental policy in reforms are to save a minimal guaranteed level of dental treatment, introducing co-payment fordental services and widening the private sector of dentistry.

84. Redžepagić S, Berhamović E. Influence of Modern Aggression on Mobile Denture Fractures - Experience from Sarajevo. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):344.
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    Title in English:	Influence of Modern Aggression on Mobile Denture Fractures - Experience from Sarajevo
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL RESTORATION WEAR
    Abstract:	War is a destructive process. The basic aim of war is destruction as a method of attaining set goals, conquering territories, destruction of societThe consequence of war is destruction at all levels. The destruction as a consequence of war is evident in the field of dental therapy, applied as a therapeutic instrument in the patient's mouth.y and killing people.

85. Muhvić Urek M, Tomac J, Ćurić S, Borčić J, Bralić M, Antonić R. The Late-Effect of X-Irradiation on the Mouse Submandibular Gland. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):344.
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    Title in English:	The Late-Effect of X-Irradiation on the Mouse Submandibular Gland
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND + radiation effects
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: Life-long severe xerostomia is a common complication after radiotherapy of head and neck malignancy. It is a clinical entity which causes a great deal of suffering and disability for the patient. Saliva is an important factor for denture retention. Hyposalivation causes reduced retention of full dentures. The aim of the study was to determine late consequences of irradiation in the mouse submandibular gland.MATERIAL AND METHODS : Mouse submandibular glands were locally X-irradiated by single dose irradiation with 15Gy. Day 90 post-irradiation tissues were analyzed by morphology and morphometry.RESULTS: Strong vacuolization of almost all acini was noted. Kariopyknotic nuclei were found in numerous acini and the largest amount of acini was in the lysis. The epithelial cells of the granular convoluted tubule were degenerated and desquamated in the lumen, and some granular convoluted tubules were in the lysis. In the interstitial connective tissue disseminated focal mononuclearinfiltrate was found. With respect to the control group a statistically significant decrease in the number of acinar cells (p<0.001) was determined, as well as a significant increase in the number of granular convoluted tubule cells (p<0.001). Whereas the number of intercalated duct cells was not different with respect to the control (p=0.10).CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that hypofunction in the late stage is a consequence of morphological changes and loss of acinar cells. The patients should use a saliva substitute to alleviate their symptoms easier.

86. Feder I, Mierzwinska-Nastalska E, Adamczyk-Sosinska E, Gladkowski J, Siedlecki M. Comparison Between the Sonic-Sys System and Inlay in ll Class. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):345.
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    Title in English:	Comparison Between the Sonic-Sys System and Inlay in ll Class
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTISTRY, OPERATIVE INLAYS
    Abstract:	In everyday dental practice we often face the problem of class II restorations. Large caries create serious problems with regard to obtaining correct contact points, marginal fit (expecially in the gingival area) and good resin polymerisation. In such cases usage of the Sonic-Sys system and inlays seems to be the best solution. The aim of this poster is to present a manual of the Sonic-Sys system, as well as comparison of the Empress II and Sonic-Sys system inlays inclass II restorations. The color, marginal fit, contouring and articulating points were evaluated in clinical tests. The surfaces of the preparation were examined in SEM differences between those made by means of Sonic- Sys and standard diamond burs. The results present advantages and disadvantages of both methods. The bestchoice is to consider the appropriate method after clinical examination and treatment planning in each individual case.

87. Ereš I, Carek V, Hedever M. Phonetic Disorders in Complete Upper Denture Wearers. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):345.
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    Title in English:	Phonetic Disorders in Complete Upper Denture Wearers
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE, COMPLETE + adverse effects SPEECH ARTICULATION DISORDERS PHONETICS
    Abstract:	Articulation is the production of speech sounds in any language. These sounds are minimal units of speech and in isolation do not have any meaning. Words are formed only when speech sounds are combined. Every individual produces speech sounds in a different way, thus producinga different acoustic effect. Different modes of sound production create different forms of sounds which are appropriately classified into phonemes. The research included 50 patients with complete upper dentures, and deals with the effect of dimension, retention and duration of speech. Dimension was measured on 6 points which are relevant to soundmaking, retention was graded on a scale 1-4 and duration was between 0-5 years. Words with sounds in which the palate affects their articulation were chosen, and sounds produced by all the patients were recorded. The soundmaking was analyzed and compared with the soundmaking of the control group, which comprised 50 students with all their natural teeth. The results obtained by statistical analysis show thataccommodation has a significant effect on accurate soundmaking. Moreover,they also point to the fact that accurate dimension and good retention must be included. Only harmony of all three elements ensures good results of prosthodontic therapy.

88. Topić B, Alajbeg I[, Vučićević-Boras V, Alajbeg ZI, Cekić-Arambašin A. The Prevalence of Candida Albicans in Institutionalized Geriatric Denture Wearers. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):345.
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    Title in English:	The Prevalence of Candida Albicans in Institutionalized Geriatric Denture Wearers
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	GERIATRICS CANDIDA ALBICANS DENTURE + adverse effects
    Abstract:	The aim of this prospective study was to record the presence of Candida albicans yeast in a geriatric population, and to compare the results between denture wearers and non-wearers, in order to evaluate the role of dentures as a factor influencing Candida growth. We performed an oral examination on 217 institutionalized elderly people living in the hospice "Sv. Josip" in Zagreb, recorded dataregarding oral health and collected detailed information on denture wearing status. Furthermore, we performed oral smears for Candidacultures, cultivated on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (“Emmon's”) at 37°C for 48 hrs and counted the Candida colonies. Collected data were stored in the database created for this purpose in "Microsoft Access 2000". The number of Candida colonies from denture wearers andnon-wearers were compared (Man-Whitney U test, p<0.05), and the obtained results are discussed.

89. Gržić R, Uhač I, Jonjić L, Delić Z, Borčić J, Muhvić-Urek M. An Evaluation of the Quality of Tooth Preparation with Intraoral Parallometer-Axisgraph - Pilot Study. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):346.
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    Title in English:	An Evaluation of the Quality of Tooth Preparation with Intraoral Parallometer-Axisgraph - Pilot Study
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TOOTH PREPARATION
    Abstract:	Measuring of the axial angle in practice shows an average angle of 20 degrees. The result of the high taper angles is a nonsatisfactory resistance form in 22.5% cases. The purpose was to examine the efficiency of the Jonjić oral parallelometer, known as the "AXISGRAPH", with respect to basic ergonomic rules, leading to savings in working energy and time and an increase in the qualityof the preparation.METHODS: On the basis of clinical cases models were made of the upper and of the lower jaw of acrylic resin. The practitioner, who has 10 years experience, initially prepared each model set in a KAWO-EWL model, conventionally using freehand preparation, and then withan Axisgraph. Both models were in the same condition. Comparison was made between the time required for preparation, working energy used, and the quality of the preparation. The quality of the preparation was determined using the axial angle of the prepared tooth, measured by the method described in Jonjic's dissertation.RESULTS: The freehand preparation took 80 minutes while preparation with the Axisgraph took 50 minutes. The average angle in freehand preparation was 15.03 degrees while, (the average angle of preparation was 10.4 degrees) using Axisgraph, and in 30 minutes less time than the freehand preparation.CONCLUSION: Preparation with the Axisgraph significantly saves time on preparation and allows better quality for the prepared tooth.

90. Baučić I, Baučić M, Stipetić J, Čelebić A, Rinčić N, Bratolić V, Miko S. A Comparison of Trace Element (TE) Release from High Noble Au-Pt Alloy and Base Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Under In Vitro Conditions of Imitating Oral Saliva. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):346.
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    Title in English:	A Comparison of Trace Element (TE) Release from High Noble Au-Pt Alloy and Base Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Under In Vitro Conditions of Imitating Oral Saliva
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TRACE ELEMENTS + analysis DENTAL ALLOYS + analysis SALIVA + chemistry
    Abstract:	In a moist environment electrochemical conditions lead to release of metal ions into the patient's saliva. The aim of this study was to examine and compare the types and quantities of metal ions released from two alloys: AuPt alloy and Co-Cr-Mo alloy under in vitro conditions, imitating artificial saliva. We soaked ten sets of Au-Ptalloy pieces having 133 mm2 exposure surface and ten sets of Co-Cr-Mo alloy (WironitR, Bego, Germany) pieces having 497 mm2 exposure surface for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days (six pieces each set) in phosphate buffered saline (pH 6.0) to mimic dental saliva. TE in the phosphate buffered saline (saliva) were assessed by ICP-AES (JY 50P, Jobin-Ywon, France) with the detectionlimit of 10 mg/L. We found detectable amounts (mg/L) of TE (Mean SD) released from Au-Pt alloy (Mean SD): Zn 124 (51), Cu 53 (63), Fe 15 (11) and Cr 18 (25) and detectable amounts of TE released from Co- Cr-Mo alloy (Mean SD): Co 337 (170), Fe 21 (15) Zn87 (56), Ni 41 (68), and Cr 49 (42). The manufacturer did not indicate the presence of Zn and Fe in the Au-Pt alloy and the presence of Fe, Zn, and Ni in the Co-Cr- Mo alloy. Significantly higher amount of Zn was released from high noble AuPt alloy than from Co-Cr-Mo alloy (p<0.05) and a significantly higher amount of Cr wasreleased from Co-Cr--Mo alloy than from Au-Pt alloy. There was no significant difference in the amount of Fe ions released between the two alloys (p>0.05). We must keep in mind that the amount of released TE may be much higher than the reported values after laboratory procedures (casting, polishing, etc.) and, moreover, other TE may become detectable.

91. Čelebić A, Stipetić J, Rinčić N, Ćatić A, Baučić I, Filipović-Zore I, Bratolić V, Prohić E. Trace Element (TE) Release from Two Different Base Alloys Under Conditions Imitating Oral Saliva. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):347.
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    Title in English:	Trace Element (TE) Release from Two Different Base Alloys Under Conditions Imitating Oral Saliva
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	TRACE ELEMENTS + analysis DENTAL ALLOYS + analysis SALIVA + chemistry
    Abstract:	Electrochemical conditions in the oral cavity lead to a release of metal ions into the patient's saliva. The aim of this study was to examine and compare the types andquantities of metal ions released from two base alloys: Co-Cr-Mo alloy (WironitR, Bego, Germany) and Ni-Cr alloy (Wiron 99, Bego, Germany) under in vitro conditionsimitating artificial saliva. We soaked ten sets of each alloy having 497 mm2 exposure surface for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days (six pieces each set) in phosphate buffered saline (pH 6.0). TE in the phosphate buffered saline (saliva) were assessed by ICP-AES (JY50P, Jobin-Ywon, France) with the detection limit of 10 mg/L. We found detectable amounts (mg/L) of TE (Mean SD) released from Co-Cr-Mo alloy (Mean SD): Co 337 (170), Fe 21 (15) Zn 87 (56), Ni 41 (68), and Cr 49 (42) and detectable amounts of TE released from Ni-Cr alloy (Mean SD): Co 265 (300), Fe 247 (256) Zn 92 (46), Ni542 (668), and Cr 396 (410). The manufacturer did not indicate the presence of Fe, Zn, and Ni in the Co-Cr-Mo alloy and the presence of Fe, Co and Zn, in the Ni-Cr alloy. A significantly higher amount of Fe, Ni and Cr was released from Ni-Cr alloy (p<0.05), and a considerablyhigher amount of Co was released from Co-Cr-Mo alloy, although it did not reach a statistically significant level (p>0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two alloys for Fe ion release (p>0.05). We must keep in mind that the amount of the released TE may be much higher than the reported values in this study, afterthe laboratory procedures (casting, polishing, etc.) and allergenic essential TE Cr, Co, and Ni may be present locally in a considerably higher amount.

92. Ćatović A, Ahmetović A, Ćatić A, Mehulić K. Comparative Investigation of Dynamic Loading Resistance of Teeth with Prefabricated and Cast Metal Posts and Cores. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):347.
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    Title in English:	Comparative Investigation of Dynamic Loading Resistance of Teeth with Prefabricated and Cast Metal Posts and Cores
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	POST AND CORE TECHNIQUE DENTAL RESTORATION WEAR
    Abstract:	Loss of a part or complete clinical crown of tooth results in functional and aesthetic impairment of dental arch and complete stomatognathic system. Such teeth, as well as endodontically treated teeth, during reconstructive prosthodontic therapy need to be treated with posts and cores. The aim of the investigation was to measure and compare the dynamic loading resistance of endodonticallytreated teeth with cast metal and prefabricated posts and cores, under dynamic loading fatigue of 800N-1000N, with specific regard to variable root preparation width. The investigation included 48 human lower second premolars of similar dimensions, divided in 4 groupsaccording to type of post and core system (each 6mm long) which they received. 1) prefabricated narrow post and core (Maillefer Switzerland, Size 1) 2) prefabricated wide post and core (Maillefer Switzerland, Size 3B) 3) cast metal narrow post and core 4) cast metal wide post and core. Modified Voss & Meiners dynamic loading tests were performed within a field of 800N-1000N in high frequencypulsator. Teeth with prefabricated narrow posts demonstratedthe highest average dynamic loading resistance of 9.050.622 cycles under 800N until fracture, while teeth with cast metal wide posts demonstrated the lowest average dynamic loading resistance of 3.522.611 cycles under 1000N until fracture. Significant influence of root preparation width on dynamic loading resistance for all typesof posts was determined by ANOVA (p<0.05), with narrow posts demonstrating more fracture resistance. Prefabricated posts and cores demonstrate stable dynamic loading resistance and better intraradicular retention than cast metal posts and cores.

93. Stipetić J, Ćatić A, Čelebić A, Baučić I, Rinčić N, Ćatić A, Rajić-Meštrović S. Investigation of Ion Released from Ni-Cr Alloy in Various Acidity Conditions. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):348.
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    Title in English:	Investigation of Ion Released from Ni-Cr Alloy in Various Acidity Conditions
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	CHROMIUM ALLOYS + chemistry
    Abstract:	Cytotoxicity is in direct correlation to the level of ion release, with non-precious alloys having higher ion release than that of precious alloys. The most often used non-precious dental alloy is Ni-Cr alloy.The aim of the investigation was to determine the type and quantity of ions released from Ni-Cr alloy (Wiron 99(r), Bego, Germany), in acid solutions with different pH values, and to determine the influence of the type of acid solution, its pH value, and duration of interaction on ion release. The overall sample consisted of 180 pieces ofNi-Cr alloy, 60 samples submerged in each of three different solutions (buffered phosphate solutions pH 3.5 and pH6, and lactic acid solution pH 3.5). Quantity of ion release was measured on solution samples taken at 10 different time intervals by means of the ICP-AES method. Average release of Ni ions in lactic acid solution was432.42 μg/L, while the highest average Ni+ ions release of 541.67μg/L was measured in buffered phosphate solution pH 6.0. MANOVA demonstrated significant influence of the type of solution on Ni ion release (p<0.01), while the time of exposure was not a significant factor (p=0.23). Zn ions demonstrated the lowest average ion release (88.95 μg/L, phosphate solution pH 3.5). Statisticallysignificant influence of the type of solution and pH value on ion release was determined, except for chromium ions (p<0.05). Dentobacterial plaque acidity is sufficient to start corrosion of Ni-Cr dental alloys.

94. Urbanek-Brychczynska M, Hedzelek W, Wasiak W. Quantity Evaluation of the Release of Heavy Metal Ions; Voltamperometric Study. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):348.
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    Title in English:	Quantity Evaluation of the Release of Heavy Metal Ions; Voltamperometric Study
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTAL RESTORATION WEAR
    Abstract:	In recent years there has been an decrease in the use of non-precious casting alloys in dentistry. These materials offer many physical, chemical and financial advantages. In order to achieve the necessary mechanical and physical properties, the alloys often contain metals which are known to be biologically active. We have continued and expanded our research into the release of these heavymetal ions by concentrating on the processes that occur when two different alloys are together in the same environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the influence of one, two or three different non-precious alloys on the degree of release of the selected ions, which are their components. An analysis of the alloys Remanium G-Weich, Remanium CS and Remanium GM 380 was made both individually or in combinations of two samples, which wereprepared from these alloys. One of the metal samples was prepared in the laboratory in the shape of a cylinder from Cr-Ni, Cr-Co, Ag-Pd. The size of the samples, their shape, length and weight were matched. These elements were placed in an incubator of a definite time of permeability and 25 ml of the artificial saliva at a temperature of 37° C was poured. They were then transferred to an incubator at the same temperature and left for 1, 2 ,4, 6, 7 and30 days, after which the released ions Cr, Co, Ni were evaluated by means of inversion voltamperometry.The amount of nickel released into the artificial saliva from chrom-nickel alloys in combination with silver-palladium alloy was increased. The release of chromium andcobalt was detected and depended on the proportion of these ions in the alloy compositions. Exact results are given in tables and diagrams.

95. Jakovac M, Živko-Babić J, Bujanović B, Jerolimov V. Orthodontic-Prosthodontic Rehabilitation: a Case Report. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):349.
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    Title in English:	Orthodontic-Prosthodontic Rehabilitation: a Case Report
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	REHABILITATION PROSTHODONTICS ORTHODONTICS
    Abstract:	A 25 year-old female came to the Department of Prosthodontics, complaining of problems with masticatory function, described as pain in both temporomandibular joints during mastication and dissatified with esthetics in the upper jaw. After a thorough clinical escaminations, diagnostic casts and X-ray analysis it was determined that the patent had oligodontium of 10 teeth (14, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25, 28, 38, 44, 48), discoloration of incisors caused by hypomaturatedenamel (amelogenesis imperfecta), disproportion of the front teeth (in completely defined microdontia), Angle class II/1 (deep overbite) and compression of the front teeth. The case history showed that the problems were of a congenital nature apart from the frontal compression, caused by inadequate orthodontic therapy at a youngerage. Despite numerous congenital abnormalities, the patient had no systemic disorders. In consultation with an orthodontist, the patient commenced orthodontic therapy with a fixed orthodontic appliance in the upper jaw for placing the teeth in the right position for fabrication of a semicircular bridge. After 6 months of orthodontic therapy, a fixed prosthodontic appliance 600321 123006 (upper jaw) wasmade of metal ceramic. The aim of the therapy was to replace missing teeth, protect existing teeth with hypomaturated enamel and readjust occlusal height. With the new intermaxillary relations and teeth contour esthetic and functional concordance was achieved.After therapy the patient had no pain in the temporomandibularjoints.

96. Frangou MJ, Polyzois G. Bonding of Silicone Prosthetic Elastomers to Various Denture Resins. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):349.
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    Title in English:	Bonding of Silicone Prosthetic Elastomers to Various Denture Resins
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	SILICONE ELASTOMERS
    Abstract:	PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate interfacial bond strength between different types of silicone facial elastomers and denture resins.MATERIAL AND METHODS : The facial materials studied were Cosmesil and Ideal and SR 3/60,SR 3/60 Quick and Triad were included in the group of denture resins. The " overlap-joint" model was used to evaluate bond strength and the samples were placed in tension until failure.The bonding surfaces were treated with a primer.Ten samples for each silicone/resin group were tested. The results were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for comparison.RESULTS: The results showed that bond strength was affected by the type of silicone and denture resin. Interaction was also noted. Bond strength ranged from 0.026 to 0.229 MPa.CONCLUSION: Cosmesil condensation type silicone showed higher bond strength with the three different types of denture resins, compared to Ideal addition silicone, keeping other variables associated with silicone/resin bond fixed.

97. Kovačević D, Delić Z, Kovač Z, Gržić R, Uhač I, Braut Z. Prosthetic Therapy of a Seven Year Old Patient with Oligodontia. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):349-50.
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    Title in English:	Prosthetic Therapy of a Seven Year Old Patient with Oligodontia
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	PROSTHODONTICS CHILD TOOTH ABNORMALITIES
    Abstract:	A seven year old male patient was referred by his dentist to a specialist in dental prothetics with a diagnosis of oligodontia. Examination of the orthopantomogram showed germs of only eight teeth. No teeth were present in the oral cavity. The first permanent molars had been esctracted because of caries. From the case history and a clinical examination, it was established that the boy had craniofacial dysmorphosis/ dysostosis and hypertelorizm with lower positioned and poorly formed ears. He had diagnosis of thickeningof the right ventriculus. Kariotype normal. Also presented adactyly of digits II and III manus et pedis, clinodactyly of digit I, and syndactyly of digits IV and V was surgically treated. By examining the oral cavity, angulus infectiosus oris was diagnosed caused by lowered vertical dimension of occlusion and candidiasis lingue, and consequently the boy was referred to an oral pathologist for appropriate therapy. Special attention is required when fabricating a complete denture in a child's mouth in orded not to compromeany prosthetic principle. Thus, we were faced with several problems including how to find impression trays of adequate size, and how to explain to the patient the procedure of functional movements, achievement of rest position, and the artificial teeth selection.Because of the small and narrow dental arches we decided for the smallest size of artificial teeth (D28) and reduced occlusion. The artificial teeth were modified and reduced. The second molar took the place of the first molar. With color and shape we tried to imitate deciduous teeth. After insertion of the complete dentures and controlexamination, the patient was given an appointment for making new dentures in six months, because of the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible.

98. Piotrowski P, Krysinski Z, Rztowski S. Evaluation of Direct and Indirect Methods of Repairing Fractured. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):350.
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    Title in English:	Evaluation of Direct and Indirect Methods of Repairing Fractured
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	DENTURE REPAIR
    Abstract:	INTRODUCTION: The most common technology used in producing a fixed partial denture is firing porcelain to metal. The fracture of veneering material rarely occurs, although it is one of the most striking problems in daily practise.PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of composite to porcelain and metal by using two intraoral repair methods: direct and indirect.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The direct method was performed by using Ceramic Repair System (Ivoclar, Lichtenstein) with and without sandblasting. The indirect method involved Co-Jet system (ESPE,Germany) and Rely X ARC (3M,USA) as luting agents. 180 specimens fabricated with feldspathic porcelain and Ni-Cr alloywere divided into 3 groups: CR/0 (direct method of repair without sandblasting), CR/S (direct method of repair with sandblasting) and CJ (indirect method based on Co-Jet system). Each of them was divided into 3 subgroups of 20: porcelain (P), porcelain and metal (P/M) and metal (M). The 10 specimens were then subjected to a shear test in a mechanical testing machine at a crosshead speed of0.5 mm/min. Mode of failure was recorded. Means and standart deviations of loads were calculated. RESULTS: Tested groups exhibited the following values in megapascals: CR/0-P = 20.36 ± 3.05; CR/0-P/M = 19.45 ± 3.49; CR/0-M = 10.86 ± 4.1; CR/S-P = 18.21 ± 2.62; CR/S-P/M = 19.34 ± 1.76; CR/S-M = 9,54 ± 2.48; CJ-P = 19.85 ± 1.94; CJ-P/M = 19,78 ± 3.60; CJ-M = 13.56 ± 3.82. The mean fractured loads were significantly lower for metal subgroups than for porcelain and porcelain/ metal subgroups.CONCLUSION: Higher shear bond strength is expected when porcelain was fractured without extensive metal exposure.

99. Bartonova M, Dostalova T, Racek J. Multidisciplinary Therapy of Upper and Lower Jaws Defects. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):350-1.
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    Title in English:	Multidisciplinary Therapy of Upper and Lower Jaws Defects
    Title in Croatian:	nema
    Type of Article:	congress abstract
    MeSH:	JAW DISEASES
    Abstract:	The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of multidisciplinary therapy of injury and other defects of the upper and lower jaws. The imperfections originate primary (cleft, oligodontia) or secondary (cysts, accidents, tumors, inflammation etc.).The incidence in the Czech Republic is criminal in 28 %, sports in 12 %, and home accidents in 9 %. The cleft genetic register includes atthe present time more than 4500 families from Bohemia. The multidisciplinary therapy involves the following disciplines: prosthodontics, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, orthodontics, speech pathology, psychology, otorhinolaryngology, genetics, and social work. Dental care of adult patients is not simple. The fivecase reports demonstrate the prosthetic treatment of adult patients by multidisciplinary therapy: surgeon, orthodontist and prosthodontist. The aim of our therapy is to receive the integration oforthodontic treatment or surgi cal prerestorative therapy with prosthodontic restoration, to enable esthetic harmony and functional efficiency of dental arches.The case reports describe:• unfitting orthodontic treatment with central incisor extrusion,• bone defect after implant disintegration,• polytrauma after traffic accident,• status post partial resection of the right upper jaw after fibrosarcoma - rest oroantral communication and total bilateral cleft,• hypertelorism, hands and feet malformation, left side oronasal communication from palate to fornix.The methods of reconstruction are unusual and some of them are presented in the 5 clinical cases.

100. Buković D, Carek V, Keros J. Measurements of the Electromagnetic Field in Dentistry. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):351.
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     Title in English:	Measurements of the Electromagnetic Field in Dentistry
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS MAGNETICS DENTAL EQUIPMENT
     Abstract:	The aim of this study was to measure the magnetic field in dentistry together with simultaneous substraction of direct ground component of the magnetic field. The research instrument used to measure the power of the magnetic field was of our own design. It measures themagnetic field by the Hall sensor that is powered with 5 to 10 V and is integrated in one chip together with preamplifier. The sensor output is differential (Q1-Q2) and proportionate to measurement values of magnetic induction. As the values of alternate fields in a laboratory setting are small the differential output voltage should beincreased by about 100 times. Our study samples consisted of instruments currently available in dentistry: halogen lamps, polymerizing lamps, amalgam mixers, micromotors and dental chairs. On the basis of our study results and statistical analysis the following conclusions are made magnetic field spreads through space in ISOTROPIC manner. The greatest frequency obtained at the smallest distance was 100 kHz. The sensitivity of the measurementinstrument was 0.0001 μT and the majority of instruments produce magnetic radiation higher than 4o G. The power of the magnetic field decreases with increasing distance from the source. The investigated instruments produce a relatively mild magnetic field. The instruments with stronger magnetic fields are located far enough from the persons on whom they act. The newly produced instrument acts on their environment by smaller magnetic fields.

101. Aziz T, Waters M, Jagger R, Polyzois G. Surface Modification of an Experimental Silicone Rubber Maxillofacial Material to Improve Wettability. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):351.
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     Title in English:	Surface Modification of an Experimental Silicone Rubber Maxillofacial Material to Improve Wettability
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	SILICONE ELASTOMERS
     Abstract:	OBJECTIVES: Good wettability of maxillofacial prosthetic materials is important so hat a lubricating layer is formed with supporting tissues thus reducing patient discomfort. The purpose of the study was to surface modify an experimental silicone rubber material in order toimprove wettability.METHODS : Samples of experimental silicone rubber were surface modified by first argon plasma treatment followed by chemisorption of ethyleneoxy functional silanes. These were compared with the same silicone rubber which had ethyleneoxy functional surfactants incorporated into the polymer matrix. In all cases contact angles, tear strength and water uptake were measured.RESULTS: Surface modified materials had comparable contact angles to surfactant modified silicone rubber, all being significantly lower than the unmodified material. Surface modified materials however had a significantly higher tear strength and lower water uptake incomparison to surfactant modified materials.CONCLUSION: Argon plasma treatment followed by chemisorption of ethyleneoxy functional silanes proved an effective way of improving the wettability of an experimental silicone rubber maxillofacial prosthetic material without altering bulk properties.

102. Dostalova T, Racek J, Lonekova E, Kreichova M. Veneers, Crowns, and Inlay Bridges After Orthodontic Therapy: a Three Year Prospective Study. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):352.
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     Title in English:	Veneers, Crowns, and Inlay Bridges After Orthodontic Therapy: a Three Year Prospective Study
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	DENTAL VENEERS CROWNS DENTURE, PARTIAL ORTHODONTICS
     Abstract:	Composite veneers, crowns, and inlay bridges after orthodontic therapy can reshape the dental arch. The main emphasis is given on esthetic appearance of the patient and protection of healthy teeth. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term treatment stability.49 composite veneers, crowns and inlay bridges (20 patients) were inserted on the frontal teeth as a part of reshaping and reorientation of teeth after orthodontic therapy; diasthemic closure, microdontia of lateral incisors, reshaping of canines, anodontia of lateral incisors, etc. Based on ADA recommendation a special card was prepared containing relevant information on the patients. Used materials were: Charisma, Artglass, (Kulzer) Ribbond, (Sigma Dental Systems) Targis, Vectris, (Ivoclar). Baseline examination was made one week and three years after therapy. Clinical assessments were carried out in accordance with the US Public Health Service System. The follow-up included: marginal ridge, marginal adaptation, anatomic form, caries presence, color match, cavo surface margin discoloration, surface smoothness and postoperative sensitivity.In the three year period, marginal ridge contour and adaptation were excellent (100% alfa). Anatomic form was destroyed in 18.7%. The general contour of the restoration followed the overall contour of the teeth in 81.3%. In our study no evidence of caries was found. The color match was darker and translucent in 31.2 %, and marginal discoloration was seen in 12.5%. The entire surface of each restoration was smooth with marked spot relief in 62.5%.The results demonstrate that composite resin and reinforced polymers are an effective method for long-term stable treatment.

103. Hedzelek W, Muszalski B, Joniak S. Comparison of Tearing off and Impact Load Resistance of Selected Phosphate and Glassionomer Cements. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):352.
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     Title in English:	Comparison of Tearing off and Impact Load Resistance of Selected Phosphate and Glassionomer Cements
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	DENTAL CEMENTS GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS
     Abstract:	Cements used for seating fixed dentures are expected to have some definite resistance to tearing off and impact loads. It seems that these features may significantly influence the effective adhesion of a crown or bridge. For final seating of dentures both phosphate and glassionomer cements, which are a more recent invention, are used.The aim of this work was to compare two cements from the phosphate group with two cements from the glassionomere group with respect to their tearing off resistance and resistance to impact loads. The experiment was conducted in vitro. In the test fortearing off resistance Osteoplant implant was used as the abutment. The crown was a cast chrome- nickel substructure. The Raustein FM 250 was used for registration of this phenomenon. Six tests for tearing were conducted for each cement. A special device was constructed to test resistance to impact loads. The abutment was made of brass. After coating with a layer of varnish the substructure was contoured as a wax pattern and then cast in Remanium CSalloy. This metal substructure had additional handles for easier manipulation. Six tests were made for each material. When analyzing the results we found significant differences between the values of tearing resistance of the cements from the two groups (the average tearimg resistance for 1. Harv. Phosp. 183.3 N; 2. Poscal 273.5 N; 3.Rely X 27.8 N; 4. GC Fuji I 19 N). Significant differences were also observed when impact load resistance was tested.

104. Sinmazisik G, Özyegin LS, Aksu B, Bayrak O, Salman A. Adherence of Candida Albicans to Different Finished Surfaces of PMMA Resins Reinforced with Glass E Fibers. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):353.
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     Title in English:	Adherence of Candida Albicans to Different Finished Surfaces of PMMA Resins Reinforced with Glass E Fibers
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	CANDIDA ALBICANS POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE
     Abstract:	Candida albicans has been widely associated with the etiology of denture-related stomatitis. When fiber reinforcement is used in the denture base as a total fiber reinforcement, the fibers may be exposed during the finishing of the denture. This may lead to oral disease if the fibers come into contact with the oral mucosa. In thisstudy the adherence of candida albicans to the surface of PMMA and to the surface of E glass fibers of composite material used in dentures was compared. E glass fibers coated with Silan 1(silan + epoxy resin) and Silan 2 (silan + polyester resin) were used to reinforce denture base polymethyl metacrylate resin. Specimens were produced by two different methods. In the first group the fibers were wetted with a mixture of polymer powder and monomer liquid. In the second group the fibers were wetted in polymer liquid for 15 minutes and than blended with PMA polymers. All of the samples were heat cured. Half the prepared specimens were polished and the other half left unpolished. Replicates and yeast cells (Candida albicansATCC, 90028, 1.0 x 107 cells/ml)were placed in wells and incubated for 1 h at 37°C on an orbital shaker at 80 rpm. The replicates were air dried and mounted on glass slides and stained with a solution of 0.5% crystal violet and 1.0% iodine. The number of adherant yeast cells were counted under a light microscope (400x).RESULTS:1. Less Candida albicans adhered to the Polished surface (P< 0.01).2. The highest Candida albicans accumulation was observed on the Silan 2(silan + poly ester resin) coupling samples.(P<0.001). The type of material used for silanization is an important factor, effecting the amount of Candida albicans accumulation.

105. Hedzelek W, Gajdus P, Joniak S. The Mechanical Strength of Acrylic Palatal Plates Reinforced with Net or Bunle Glass Fibers. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):353.
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     Title in English:	The Mechanical Strength of Acrylic Palatal Plates Reinforced with Net or Bunle Glass Fibers
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	PROSTHODONTICS + methods DENTAL MATERIALS
     Abstract:	The aim of the study was to evaluate the resistant forces of acrylic palatal plates reinforced with glass net and unidirectional glass fibers. The form and models of the edentulous jaw (Frasaco) were used in the study. Palatal plates were made from hot polymerised acrylic SRTriplex Hot (Ivoclar). In the total reinforced method the studied palatal plates used were reinforced with one or three layers of fiber glass net (Stick Net). In the partial reinforced method acrylic palatal plates were reinforced with one bundle of unidirectional glass fibers (Stick). Acrylic resin and glass fibers were prepared and polymerisedaccording to the manufacturer's recommendation. Palatal plates were kept two weeks in water before the tests. Measurements of mechanical properties were made using loading in a universal resistance machine (FM Rauenstein). The palatal plates were loaded with a force in the symmetric plane. The results were compared withmeasurements in the control group, where acrylic palatal plates lacked reinforcement. Acrylic palatal plates reinforced with glass net, and plates withoutreinforcement break into pieces under loading. Palatal plates reinforced with bundle of glass fiber cracked under loading without being broken to pieces. The greatest strength of the studied palatal plates was observed in plates with three layersof glass net.

106. Dilberović N, Seifert D, Jerolimov V. Injures to the Stomatognathic System in Tae-Kwon-Do. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):353-4.
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     Title in English:	Injures to the Stomatognathic System in Tae-Kwon-Do
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	TOOTH INJURIES ATHLETIC INJURIES SPORTS MEDICINE STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM + injuries MARTIAL ARTS
     Abstract:	Martial arts are high-risk sports for injuries to the stomatognathic system, according to the FDI classification. The aim of this investigation was to determine frequency, type and severity of injuries to the stomatognathic system, during Tae-Kwon-Do, and the use of protection devices during training and competitions. This investigation included 43 examinees, 15 female and 28 male, among which were members of the national representatives of the Republic of Croatia. They were required to complete a questionnaire. The result revealed a very low number of injuries, in fact, lack of injuries in the female and male junior categories. In the male junior and bothsenior categories 134 injuries were reported, 118 or 88% of them were laceration of the lips, cheeks and tongue. Other injuries to the stomatognathic system represent only 16 injuries or 12% of all injuries. The majority of injuries occurred during training (68%), and 32% during competition. Protection devices (helmets) were used during training only by 5 examinees (11.63%), and during competition(100%). Mouthguards of any type were not used by any examinee. Helmets used are obligatory during competition and prevent the occurrence of injuries to the stomatognathic system, and decrease the severity of injury.

107. Jermaz S, Komar D, Ćatović A, Komar V, Baučić I, Lazić B, Stipetić J, Čelebić A. Type and Material of Fixed Prosthodontic Appliance in Patient Living in the Region of Metković. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):354.
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     Title in English:	Type and Material of Fixed Prosthodontic Appliance in Patient Living in the Region of Metković
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	DENTURE, PARTIAL, FIXED
     Abstract:	The aim of this study was to evaluate the type and the aesthetic material in relation to age, gender, level of education, employment, socio-economic status and frequency of visits to the dentist. The examination was performed on 212 patients who had a fixed prosthodontic appliance for more than a year (55% males and 45% females, age 18-80 yrs.). The following conclusions were made: 1. The older patients and retired patients had significantly more bridges than crowns (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between gender and patients with a different level of education in the distribution of crowns and bridges (p>0.05). Patients who visit their dentist regularly have significantly more crowns than bridges thanpatients who visit their dentist irregularly or when in pain (p<0.01). Age or the first visit to the dentist made no significant influence on crown and bridge prevalence (p>0.05). 2. Almost all fixed prosthodontic appliances older than 10 years were made of porcelain (98%), while acrylic veneer crowns were more frequent in appliancesolder than 10 or 15 years (p<0.01). Relatively high frequency of porcelain (64%) was recorded in comparison to acrylic material(32%) or chromasite (4%). There was no gender difference with regard to the material used (p>0.05). Patients older than 60 years had more acrylic material compared to younger patients. While patients younger than 39 years had almost exclusively ceramicappliances (p<0.01). Less educated patients had more acrylic veneer appliances. Employed patients had significantly more ceramic appliances than retired patients.

108. Hedzelek W, Szuminski K, Swidzinski T. Evaluation of Tension and Intensity of Electrogalvanical Currents Between Dental Alloys and Silver Amalgam. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):354-5.
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     Title in English:	Evaluation of Tension and Intensity of Electrogalvanical Currents Between Dental Alloys and Silver Amalgam
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	ELECTROGALVANISM, INTRAORAL DENTAL ALLOYS + adverse effects DENTAL AMALGAM + adverse effects
     Abstract:	It is a well-known fact, that the presence of metals, distant from each other in electrogalvanical sequence, causes the occurrence of electrical tensions in the oral cavity environment and, as a result, there is current flow between them. Tensions and galvanical currents may cause not only discomfort for the patient, metallic taste, oral local changes on mucous membrane, but they may also have negative influence on immunological, internal or gynecological diseases. The object of this study was the definition of dimensionof tension and intensity of electrogalvanical currents, which are induced by the presence of different dental alloys and silver amalgams in artificial saliva with different pH-value. For the study artificial saliva was used, prepared according to the method of Fusayama in modification of Holland. The examined alloys were the products of the Kulzer- concern:• Heraenium NA: chrom-nicelic alloy;• Heraenium NF and Heraenium P: cobaltchrom- molybdenic alloys;• and silver amalgams (polished and unpolished) from the SDI concern. The above mentioned alloys and silver amalgams wereplaced in pairs in artificial saliva solutions with different pH-values (3-11) using the each with each rule. The tension and intensity of the examined electrodes were evaluated with the help of aDigitalvoltmeter G1002.500. The results of the study proved that the highest tension and intensity of currents were found for chrom nickelic and cobalt-chrom-molybdenic alloys in the presence of silver amalgams: polished and unpolished, in artificial saliva solution with extremely high and/or low pH-value.

109. Deželić E, Illeš D, Valentić-Peruzović M, Alajbeg IZ. Optical Identification of Inaccuracies Cused by Improper Handling on Type IV Gypsum Casts. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):355.
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     Title in English:	Optical Identification of Inaccuracies Cused by Improper Handling on Type IV Gypsum Casts
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	DENTAL CASTING TECHNIQUE
     Abstract:	Type IV gypsum (stone gypsum) is an essential material in prosthetic treatment. Improper handling can change hardness, expansion and compressive strength and it is the most common reason for inaccurate casts. In that case even the most perfect impressions will result in inadequate prosthetic treatment. Using optical instruments-digital camera (2.5 million pixels) and digital microscope we attempted to identify the visual appearance of inadequate casts and relate them to specific causes. All casts were poured in highly controlled conditions and only one factor, whose influence we tried to determine, was changed during the procedure. Most common mistakes are: outdated gypsum, incorrect powder to water ratio, mixing without a vacuummixer, pourring without a vibrator and etching by alginate acid. All the mistakes were visualised, easily recognized and categorized by using digital optical equipment.

110. Redžepagić S, Berhamović E. Possibility of Making Crowns on Canines. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):355.
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     Title in English:	Possibility of Making Crowns on Canines
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	CROWNS CUSPID
     Abstract:	The need for prosthetic care of injured canines is evident. Canine morphology provides for the possibility of preparation of the tooth crown and placement of an artificial crown on the abutment. The study presents an original approach to the preparation of the tooth crown, impression, crown testing and cementing.

111. Badel T, Pandurić J, Ćelić R, Kraljević S, Dulčić N. Control and Correction of Occlusal Relations of Complete Dentures. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):355.
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     Title in English:	Control and Correction of Occlusal Relations of Complete Dentures
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	DENTAL OCCLUSION JAW RELATION RECORD DENTURE, COMPLETE
     Abstract:	Control and correction of occlusal relations are a constituent part of clinical and laboratory procedures of complete denture fabrication. Denture materials and fabrication procedures cannot ensure dimensionally correct complete dentures, and therefore it is necessary to check the occlusion. A remount procedure is carried out in order to establish correct occlusal contacts of denture teeth bymounting the finished dentures back on the articulator. There are several reasons for remounting: changed volume of the acrylic resin during polymerisation, dimensional changes in the early days of wearing due to water absorption in the acrylic base and placement of denture bases to the denture foundation area. Remounting startswith fabrication of transfer casts, determination and transfer of interarch relations to the articulator. When the dynamic concept of occlusion is chosen, priority is given to incisor or canine teeth guided occlusion. Remounting should be a constituent part of complete denture fabrication. Supported by Ministry of Science and Technology.Republic of Croatia, Project No. 065010.

112. Jagdman E. Full Denture in Function (GYSI/APF Method). Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):356.
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     Title in English:	Full Denture in Function (GYSI/APF Method)
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	DENTURE, COMPLETE
     Abstract:	INTRODUCTION. Helping the edentulous patient is one of the most noble, but also one of the most difficult tasks, in our profession. In total removable dentures, failure in function and aesthetics is very common. Many patients accept insufficient dentures as an agedefinedinevitability and think that there is no better solution possible. Although it is possible to satisfy the patients demand for an aesthetical, properly functioning denture with today’s denture fabrication methods.FURTHER TOPICS. Gnathological methods of registration; Different types of acrylic teeth, Gysi Set Up procedure with template; APF System; Residual monomer; Heat cure vs Cold cure resin, Injection System.

113. McCord JF. Denture After-Care: Towards a Clean and Functional Denture. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(3):356.
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     Title in English:	Denture After-Care: Towards a Clean and Functional Denture
     Title in Croatian:	nema
     Type of Article:	congress abstract
     MeSH:	DENTURE + adverse effects
     Abstract:	This symposium will address myths and misconceptios about the roles and value of denture cleansers and adhesives, providing guidance for their appropriate use. Simple guidelines will be provided so that dentist and their support staff can give cleear advice to their denture-wearing patients for promoting and maintaining a healthymouth, a feeling of confidence, and a functioning masticatory system.Educational objectives: By attending this symposium dental professionals will be able to:• Identify and overcome common myths and misconceptions about denture homecare• Understand the scientific basis and clinical advantages of the use of denture cleansers and adhesives• Understand the main ingredients in denture care product and list their role• Appreciate the safety and effectiveness of denture care products• Provide patients with clear instructions for using denture care products, so patients may gain maximum benefit and satisfaction from their prosthetic appliances.