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1. Krmpotić M, Macan D, Škrlin J, Perić B. A Microbiological Study of Periapical Lesions in Single Rooted Teeth with Open and Closed Root Canal. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):369-74.
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   Title in English:	A Microbiological Study of Periapical Lesions in Single Rooted Teeth with Open and Closed Root Canal
   Title in Croatian:	Mikrobiološka studija periapikalnih ostitičkih procesa kod zuba s otvorenim i zatvorenim korijenskim kanalom
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	ROOT CANAL THERAPY INFECTION
   Abstract:	The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial flora of periapical ostitic lesions in single rooted teeth. Periapical processes inwhich the root canal was open and those in which the canal was closed (reinforcement) were analysed. Samples for microbiological analysis were taken during the operation - apicotomy. On the whole the results obtained agree with current knowledge of the microbial flora in odontogenic infection. The polymicrobial composition of the flora with a significant share of anaerobic bacteria and reduced microbial flora in closed ostial lesions are the basic characteristics of periapical infection. The most frequent isolates found were from the streptococci group, and the most frequent anaerobe, Veillonela. It was determined that streptococci occur more frequently in closed ostial processes.

2. Stipetić J, Čelebić A, Baučić I, Rinčić N, Ćatić A, Baučić M. The Release of Nickel Ions from Three Different Dental Casting Alloys. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):381-95.
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   Title in English:	The Release of Nickel Ions from Three Different Dental Casting Alloys
   Title in Croatian:	Otpuštanje iona nikla iz triju različitih zubnih slitina
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	DENTAL ALLOYS + adverse effects NICKEL
   Abstract:	The objective of the current study was to investigate the release of Ni ions from the following three dental casting alloys: high-noble Au-Pt alloy, and non-noble (base metal) Ni-Cr and Co-Cr- Mo alloys. The purpose of the study was also to determine whether the solution in which an alloy is submerged as well as its pH level and the exposure time have any effect on the amount of released Ni ions from the three above mentioned alloys. Three commercial alloys were used in the experiments: two base metal alloys, Ni-Cr (Wiron 99®, Bego, Germany) and Co-Cr-Mo alloy (Wironit®, Bego, Germany) and one high noble, Au-Pt alloy (Noble Metals Refinery, Zagreb, Croatia). Ni-Cr alloy samples and Co-Cr-Mo alloy samples, rollers of identical dimensions with diameters of 8 mm and heights of 15.8 mm were used, made by the manufacturer. The samples of Au-Pt alloy were plates with dimensions of 8 mm and height of 1 mm, also made by the manufacturer. All the samples were submerged in three different solutions over a certain period of time. The phosphate buffered solution at the pH = 6 level, rapresented human saliva, whereas lactic acid, to which certain amounts of acetic and formic acids, pH=3.5 (0.1 M lactic acid, 0.1 M NaCl, 1% acetic acid and 1% formic acid) were added to represent the condition that is created below dentobacterial plaque. The phosphate buffered solution ( pH=3.5), which was composed according to established pharmacopeical standards was used for comparison, since such extremely acid conditions do not exist in the oral cavity environment. Six samples were used for each tested dental alloy (n=6), for each solution separately and for each tested time interval, and thus 180 samples were used or 540 samples in total. The ion release from the above tested dental alloys in the above mentioned solutions was measured over 10 time intervals, i.e. after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21 days and 30 days respectively. Solutions were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometar with inductively coupled plasma (ICP - AES) JY 50, France. Results of the analysis lead to the following conclusions:1. In the following dental alloys (Ni-Cr, Au-Pt, Co-Cr-Mo) the manufacturer states the presence of Ni only in Ni-Cr alloy. Resultsshow that Ni-Cr alloy and Co-Cr-Mo alloy released Ni ions, but the Au-Pt alloy did not, even at low pH levels.2. During the initial period of exposure Ni ions were released from the Co-Cr-Mo alloy in small amounts (10 μg/L) while increase in ion release was observed on the sixth day in the phosphate buffered saline at pH 3.5. Significant Ni ions release also occurred on the 21st day and 30th days respectively in the phosphate buffered solution at pH 6 (artificial saliva) as well as in lactic acid at pH 3.5 (dentobacterial plaque) when amount of the Ni ion release exceeded the approved daily dietary intake of this oligo-element.3. The Ni-Cr alloy released great amounts of Ni ions in all three solutions so that on the very first day of measurement these amounts exceeded the approved daily dietary intake of this element. Gradually, the amount of the released Ni ions increased with great variability in all solutions. However, the greatest increase in Ni ions release was noted in the phosphate buffered saline, at pH 6 level (artificial saliva) where it exceeded the approved daily dietary intake of this element. Therefore, this alloy should be used exclusively for fabrication of metal-ceramic appliances and should be fully covered by ceramic.

3. Čelebić A, Valentić-Peruzović M, Baučić I, Stipetić J, Alajbeg I [Iva], Illeš D. Bilateral Variation of the Silent Period and Isotonic and Isometric Activity of Jaw Closing Muscles. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):397-413.
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   Title in English:	Bilateral Variation of the Silent Period and Isotonic and Isometric Activity of Jaw Closing Muscles
   Title in Croatian:	Bilateralne varijacije razdoblja tišine i izotonične i izometrične aktivnosti zatvarača mandibule
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	MASTICATORY MUSCLES + physiology DENTAL OCCLUSION
   Abstract:	The aim of this study was: 1. To measure latency and duration of the silent period elicited in an open-close-clench cycle in individuals with all teeth and normal occlusion. 2. To compare the latency and duration of a silent period between the different elevator muscles examined and the symmetry of the reflex responses. 3. To analyze isotonic and isometric muscle activity in open-close-clench cycles and to compare it to the maximum voluntary myoelectric activity. Silent periods were registered and measured in 62 individuals with normal occlusion on the EMGA-1 apparatus. Ten registrations of an open-close-clench cycle was made for each participant to elicit silent periods. Signals from the right and left anterior temporal and left and right masseter muscles were recorded by surface electromyography during 240-300 ms. Silent periods had a latency of 12.5-12.9 ms after the occlusal contact and had only a single short inhibitory pause with complete inhibition of motoneurons. The duration of the silent period was 20.1-21.1 ms. There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) of the silent period latency and duration between the examined muscles and the left and the right side. Isotonic muscle activity was equal to isometric muscle activity for each muscle in open-close-clench cycles. The mean isotonic muscle activity was spontaneously constant between open-close-clench cycles and was approximately 60% to 70% of the mean muscle activity during maximum voluntary clencing. The reflex was considered oligosynaptic. The reflex was fully symmetrical and of equal latency and duration between the examined muscles. Stimulation of the primary mechanoreceptor afferents in periodontal ligament by tensile forces generated between occlusal tables of opposing teeth and/or vibration of the unique teeth contact (normal occlusion) and consequent stimulation of mechanoreceptors in temporomandibular joint, tendons or muscles by vibration could be responsible for the reflex.

4. Senzel S, Pehar G, Ćelić R. Relationship Between Non-Alignment and Incisal Wear of the Anterior Teeth. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):415-24.
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   Title in English:	Relationship Between Non-Alignment and Incisal Wear of the Anterior Teeth
   Title in Croatian:	Odnos između nepravilnog položaja i incizalnog trošenja prednjih zuba
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	MALOCCLUSION + complications
   Abstract:	The purpose of this work was to examine the prevalence of non-alignment and incisal wear of upper and lower anterior teeth in an examined population of dental students as well as to analyze the relation between alignment and incisal wear of the anterior teeth. The subjects chosen for this study were dental students (40 female, 40 male) of the School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb. The age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 26 years, mean 22.8 ± 1.8 years. Alignment of the teeth and incisal wear were assessed on the basis of stone casts in accordance with two index systems (NONAS and IwI). By testing the methods it was shown that the reproducibility of assessments of teeth alignment and incisal wear was satisfactory. In the upper jaw, one or more teeth were non-aligned in 48% of cases (most frequently the upper lateral incisors), while in the lower jaw there were 47% cases of non-alignment teeth (most frequently the lower central incisors). The prevalence of incisal wear of the anterior teeth in the population of dental students was 95%. By Pearson’s chi-square test, the relationship between the condition of alignment and incisal wear of anterior teeth was determined. The highest degree of tooth wear was registered on the right and left upper central incisor as well as on the right lower canine.

5. Buković D, Carek V, Keros J. Measurement of the Magnetic Field in Dental Laboratories. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):425-31.
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   Title in English:	Measurement of the Magnetic Field in Dental Laboratories
   Title in Croatian:	Mjerenje magnetnoga polja u zubnim laboratorijima
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS MAGNETICS LABORATORIES, DENTAL
   Abstract:	While efforts are being made by science to discover all aspects ofthe effects of the magnetic field on man, data on the use of magnets in dental medicine are few. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the magnetic field in dental laboratories, and at the same time to exclude the direct component of the Earth’s magnetic field. A specially constructed device was used for measurement, consisting of two amplifiers and a low frequency filter, by which the mean square of the value of the field was measured, depending on the position of the object in the area. The results of the study show that the magnetic field decreases with distance from the source of radiation, and that newer apparatus emits a weaker magnetic field than older apparatus.

6. Živko-Babić J, Stilinović B, Gašparac I, Jakovac M, Pandurić J, Katunarić M. Aerobic Microflora of Subgingival Regions in Prosthodontic Patients with Dental Implants. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):433-9.
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   Title in English:	Aerobic Microflora of Subgingival Regions in Prosthodontic Patients with Dental Implants
   Title in Croatian:	Aerobna mikroflora subgingivnog područja u protetskih pacijenata s implantatima
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	GINGIVA + microbiology DENTAL ABUTMENTS DENTAL IMPLANTS
   Abstract:	Prosthodontic therapy on dental implants is one of the solutions for partially and totally edentulous patients. The long-term success directly depends on static and microbiota around implants. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in subgingival aerobic microflora in patients with or without implants as well as evaluate their sensitivity to antibiotics. The investigation consisted of 41 patients. Nineteen patients had inserted implants and twenty-two natural teeth as abutments for fixed bridges. Five different genera of bacteria and one fungus were isolated by smear method from the subgingival areas. The periodont and periimplant area showed great similarity in the genera of microorganisms, despite which Branhamella spp. was found only in patients with implants and Streptococcus spp. and Candida albicans around the teeth.

7. Poljak-Guberina R, Knezović-Zlatarić D, Katunarić M. Dental Alloy and Corrosion Resistance. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):441-50.
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   Title in English:	Dental Alloy and Corrosion Resistance
   Title in Croatian:	Otpornost zubnih slitina na koroziju
   Type of Article:	review
   MeSH:	DENTAL ALLOYS + chemistry CORROSION
   Abstract:	Metals and their alloys are unavoidable materials in everyday dental use for the making of fillings, cast cores and post systems, individual crowns, implantants’ suprastructures, dentures and orthodontic devices. Materials implanted in the mouth are exposed over a long period of time to functional, biochemical and bacterial influences of a mouth media which can have a negative impact on a very therapeutic work or surrounding tissue. Corrosive resistance is a prerequisite for biocompatibility. Due to economic reasons, corrosive resistant precious metals have been used less frequently, while the non precious alloys appear on the market. Since a dentist is responsible for a choice of implanted metal, prior to implantation it is important to foresee the impact of saliva as an aggressive media on a metal or alloy. Based on studying different literature, the purpose of this work was to give and overview of the existing dental metals and alloys in contexts with their anticorrosive characteristics, and that way to help a dentist in making a right choice.

8. Biočina-Lukenda D. Oral Lichen Ruber - I Etiology and Pathogenesis. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):451-73.
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   Title in English:	Oral Lichen Ruber - I Etiology and Pathogenesis
   Title in Croatian:	Oralni lihen ruber: I. Etiologija i patogeneza.
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	LICHEN PLANUS, ORAL + etiology
   Abstract:	Oral lichen rubber (OLR) is a frequentchronic mucocutane autoimmune disease in the population. OLR mostly affects middleaged and older individuals. Women make 2/3 of patients. Etiology of the disease is still unexplained, with numerous etiologic factors being the possible cause of the onset of this disease. Genetic predispositions are the most frequently quoted cause together with the local use of specific dental materials, systematic use of specific drugs in basic disease therapy, infection, results of autoimmune disease, and disorders such as diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, hypertension, and emotional stress. All the above mentioned factors can induce a sequence of immunologic events and reflect on the immunological state of the patient.Thus, induced sequence of immunological events is based on cell mediated immunity, including interactivity of oral epithelium cells and the immunological cell mediated by activity of adhesion molecules, and is behind the pathogenetic mechanism of OLR.

9. Biočina-Lukenda D. Oral Lichen Ruber - II Immunoreaction. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):475-88.
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   Title in English:	Oral Lichen Ruber - II Immunoreaction
   Title in Croatian:	Oralni lihen ruber: II. Imunoreakcija.
   Type of Article:	original scientific paper
   MeSH:	LICHEN PLANUS, ORAL + immunology
   Abstract:	Immunological disorder in oral lichen ruber (OLR) is related to cell mediated immunological reaction which can imply various immunological disorders in the oral mucous membrane. Changed immunoreaction characterized by suppressed function of phagocyte and NK-cells reduce the possibility of elimination of the bacterial antigens with possible resultant onset of autoimmune disorders, stressing the importance of nonspecific immunity. Evaluation of cell mediated immunity is based on phenotypic and functional analysis of peripheral blood cells by monoclonal antibodies. T-cell mediated suppression has an important role in maintaining its own tolerance, so the disorder of T-cells is included in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. A consequence of this could be activation of immature T-lymphocytes, causing cellular autoreactivity in OLR. Disorder of cell mediated immunity could reflect on the humoral immunity condition. Humoral immunity in patients with OLR has been reported, but with inconsistent results. The result of humoral immunity is not specific, but is a consequence of the changed immunoreaction of patients with OLR caused by other immunological disorders and diseases where oral lichen could manifest

10. Galić N, Katunarić M, Šegović S, Šutalo J, Stare Z, Anić I. A Clinical Evaluation of the Apex Locator-Endometer ES-02. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):489-500.
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    Title in English:	A Clinical Evaluation of the Apex Locator-Endometer ES-02
    Title in Croatian:	Procjena kliničke pouzdanosti Endometer ES-02 uređaja
    Type of Article:	professional paper
    MeSH:	ENDODONTICS ROOT CANAL THERAPY + instrumentation ROOT CANAL PREPARATION + instrumentation
    Abstract:	The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the electronic apex locator, Endometer ES-02 in measurement of root canal length in clinical practice. The Endometer ES-02 instrument uses impedance of high frequency electric current. The sample consisted of 631 teeth (328 single rooted, 70 bi-rooted and 250 tri-rooted teeth). After extirpation of the pulp by pulp extirpators, the root canal was rinsed with the 2.6% NaOCl solution and dried by paper points. The root canal length was measured using an Endometer ES-02 instrument. After the standard endodontic procedure, the root canals were obturated with Diaket and gutta-percha points, based on the measurement result obtained by Endometer ES-02. The teeth were then X-rayed and accuracy of the procedure was evaluated by measuring the distance between radiographic apex and endodontic filling with a digital caliper. The accuracy of the procedure was 96.4%.

11. Borković Z, Perić B, Ožegović I. The Value of Digital Subtraction Sialography in the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Salivary Glands. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2002;36(4):501-6.
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    Title in English:	The Value of Digital Subtraction Sialography in the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Salivary Glands
    Title in Croatian:	Vrijednost digitalne subtrakcijske sijalografije u dijagnostici bolesti žlijezda slinovnica
    Type of Article:	professional paper
    MeSH:	SIALOGRAPHY SALIVARY GLANDS
    Abstract:	The study included patients in whom digital subtraction sialography was performed in the diagnosis of sialolithiasis, chronic and chronicrecurrent inflammations, and other pathological conditions of the salivary glands. A group of 42 patients was examined, consisting of 6 women and 36 men with signs of chronic inflammatory processes, suspected sialolithiasis, dislocation of the duct and Sjögren’s syndrome. The method of digital subtraction sialography provides excellent presentation of the secretory canal of the salivary gland and small intraductal canals up to the glandular parenchyma. The method enables excellent vision of alterations within the parenchyma, changes which have an effect on the lumen and position of the canal, and eventual changes which are conditioned by external factors. The smallest canal structures are also shown by this method. Thus, the possibility of an erroneous finding, which frequently occurs with other diagnostic methods, is significantly reduced.